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Notes: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) causes pituitary GH3 cells to change from their normal predominantly rounded morphology to much more elongated cells with extensive filopodia, and this effect is accompanied by a parallel increase in cell volume. In view of this, and because EGF receptor expression is increased in some pituitary tumours, we examined the mechanism of this EGF-induced morphological effect as it may play a role in tumour invasiveness. The effect of treatment of the cells with EGF (1 nm, 4 days) was determined visually (expressed as percent non round cells) and by measuring the cell volume by Coulter Counter analysis. EGF treatment caused the cells to change their morphology with percent non round cells increasing from 37% in control cells to 74% in EGF-treated cultures; this was accompanied by a parallel increase in cell volume. Treatment of the cells with EGF in the presence of the MEK1 inhibitor (PD98059) completely blocked the EGF-induced morphological changes, showing that activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is necessary to mediate this effect. Transfection of the cells with a constitutively activated mutant of MEK1 produced a similar morphological change to that produced by EGF treatment, with the proportion of non round cells increasing to 62% with a parallel increase in cell volume compared to cells transfected with the empty vector, demonstrating that direct activation of MAPK pathway is sufficient to mediate the observed morphological effects. The effects produced by activated MEK1 transfection could be blocked by PD98059. EGF had opposing effects on prolactin and growth hormone (GH) secretion by the cells, increasing prolactin release and inhibiting GH release. Transfection of the cells with activated MEK1 produced similar effects on hormone release as EGF treatment. In conclusion, the morphological effects of EGF on GH3 cells are mediated by activation of the MAPK pathway as blockade of this pathway abolished the observed effect, and direct activation of this pathway by transfection with an activated mutant of MEK1 was able to duplicate these effects. This mechanism may contribute to the growth and possibly local invasiveness of some pituitary tumours that express the EGF receptor.

Notes: Increasing concentrations of D-glucose (1 to 25 mM) inhibited somatostatin, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) release from incubated adult rat hypothalami in a stereospecific manner. In contrast, the effects of D- and L-glucose on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release were virtually identical. Increasing concentrations of D-glucose also inhibited somatostatin release following depolarization with high K+, but had no obvious effect on depolarization-induced TRH or GHRH release when compared with L-glucose.In conclusion, D-glucose exerts a potent, dose-related modulatory action on the release of rat hypothalamic TRH and GHRH as well as somatostatin in vitro. Further studies are required to establish any physiological relevance of glucose in the modulation of these hypothalamic neuropeptides.