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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunological study in patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 16 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The humoral and cellular immune-status was studied in 30 patients with seborrhoeic dermatititis. Increased frequencies of natural killer cells were found in 46% of patients. Furthermore, subnormal mitogen stimulation responses were demonstrated in 13 patients, whereas two individuals were found to have very high numbers of activated T lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Higher-than-normal total serum IgG and IgA was observed in 14 and 11 patients, respectively. For nine of 12 patients with skin lesions, dermal perivascular cell infiltrates were seen. The majority of the infiltrating cells reacted with anti-CD4 antibodies. HLA-DR-expressing keratinocytes were found in two biopsies. The study suggests that patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis may have depressed T-cell function. This could have a bearing on their susceptibility to the Pityrosporum ovale-associated dermatitis. The very high frequencies of activated T cells observed in the peripheral blood of two otherwise healthy seborrhoeic individuals suggests that intermittent systemic immune activation may occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1991.tb00395.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evaluation of various methods and antigens for the detection of antibodies against Pityrosporum ovale in patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 16 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Sera from 10 patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis and from 10 age-matched healthy individuals were examined for IgG activity against Pityrosporum ovale. The IgG activity was analysed using the following techniques: an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against whole P. ovale cells, purified cell-wall carbohydrate or protein extract, an indirect slide-immunofluorescence assay and fluorescence-activated flow cytometry using the whole organism as antigen. The ELISA method using the protein antigen was the only technique that showed a significant difference between patients and controls; a lower antibody response was found in the seborrhoeic dermatitis patients compared to healthy controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1991.tb00396.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patients with psoriasis have elevated levels of serum eosinophil cationic protein and increased numbers of EG2 positive eosinophils in the duodenal stroma (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 135 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The occurrence of EG2-positive (EG2+) eosinophils and IgE in biopsy specimens of duodenal mucosa and skin from 39 psoriasis patients was studied, with emphasis on the relation to serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), serum IgE and the presence or absence of serum IgA and IgG antigliadin antibodies. Psoriasis patients had significantly elevated serum levels of ECP even after exclusion of five of 37 sera which were Phadiatop positive. The elevated serum ECP was not associated with the presence of IgA or IgG antibodies to gliadin. After exclusion of Phadiatop positive sera the serum IgE values did not differ from those of a group of healthy blood donors.Patients with psoriasis had a pronounced increase of EG2+ cells in their duodenal stroma. Patients without antibodies to gliadin tended to have even more EG2+ cells than those with such antibodies and those with increased duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytes. IgE+ cells were present in most duodenal specimens, and in some specimens there were 〉100 IgE+ cells/section. The number of EG2+ cells was increased in lesional skin and, in some patients, also in non-involved skin, but there was a more pronounced increase in EG2 reactivity in the duodenal than in the skin specimens. IgE reactivity was increased both in non-involved and involved skin and was significantly related to the number of IgE-positive cells in the duodenal stroma. The results of this study indicate that the gastrointestinal tract and the eosinophil granulocyte might be involved in psoriasis in a hitherto unknown way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-1007.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Langerhans cells that express matrix metalloproteinase 9 increase in human dermis during sensitization to diphenylcyclopropenone in patients with alopecia areata (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 147 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background We know little of the initial events during the sensitization phase of contact allergy in humans. Alopecia areata (AA), a disease of unknown pathogenesis characterized by patchy hair loss, may be treated by inducing contact allergy to diphenylcyclopropenone (DPC), later followed by its topical application. Objectives To learn more about the initial events during sensitization in human skin, we studied the early events during induction of contact allergy to DPC in patients with AA. Methods DPC 2% and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) 4% were applied on the backs of eight patients with AA. Punch biopsies were taken 6 and 24 h after application. The biopsies were snap-frozen and cryostat sections were evaluated with immunohistochemistry using antibodies against CD1a, HLA-DR, CD3, CD54 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Results After 24 h all subjects exhibited erythema on the DPC-treated areas. Histological evaluation of biopsies from these areas showed hydropic degeneration and a significantly increased number of MMP-9+ cells in the dermis (P 〈 0·0005). The MMP-9+ cells were identified with double immunofluorescence staining as CD1a + Langerhans cells. The expression of the other markers studied remained unaltered irrespective of treatment, including treatment with SLS. Conclusions Our findings show that DPC induces an irritant reaction leading to an increased number of MMP-9+ CD1a+ cells in the dermis during the initial phase of sensitization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04848.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokine production in nickel-sensitized individuals analysed with enzyme-linked immunospot assay: possible implication for diagnosis (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 147 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis still have to undergo patch testing for a correct diagnosis. As this has several disadvantages there is a need for additional methods, preferentially those that can be performed in vitro. Objectives To investigate the possibility of diagnosing contact allergy to nickel (Ni2+) using the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay that allows the analysis of cytokines at a single-cell level in ex vivo activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Methods Eleven female patients and nine age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers participated in the study. All patients had a history of nickel allergy and a positive patch test reaction to NiSO4, while the controls' test was negative. PBMC were cultured in the presence or absence of NiCl2. Cell proliferation was measured with [3H]thymidine incorporation, and the number of cytokine-producing cells analysed with the ELISpot assay. Results The proliferative response of PBMC to Ni2+, expressed as stimulation index, was significantly higher in the nickel-allergic patients than in the control group. Using the ELISpot assay, we found that PBMC from nickel-allergic individuals responded to Ni2+ with significantly greater production of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 and interferon-γ, but not IL-12, compared with the healthy controls. The number of IL-4- and IL-5-producing cells correlated with the number of IL-13-producing cells in the nickel-allergic patients, but Ni2+-induced PBMC proliferation did not correlate with the number of cytokine-producing cells for any of the cytokines tested. Conclusions Our results indicate that the ELISpot assay could be a tool in the discrimination between nickel-allergic and non-allergic individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04850.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atopy patch test reactions to Malassezia allergens differentiate subgroups of atopic dermatitis patients (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 148 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background The yeast Malassezia is considered to be one of the factors that can contribute to atopic dermatitis (AD). Objectives To investigate the reactivity to Malassezia allergens, measured as specific serum IgE, positive skin prick test and positive atopy patch test (APT), in adult patients with AD. Methods In total, 132 adult patients with AD, 14 with seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD) and 33 healthy controls were investigated for their reactions to M. sympodialis extract and three recombinant Malassezia allergens (rMal s 1, rMal s 5 and rMal s 6). Results Sixty-seven per cent of the AD patients, but only one of the SD patients and none of the healthy controls, showed a positive reaction to at least one of the Malassezia allergens (extract and/or recombinant allergens) in at least one of the tests. The levels of M. sympodialis-specific IgE in serum correlated with the total serum IgE levels. Elevated serum levels of M. sympodialis-specific IgE were found in 55% and positive APT reactions in 41% of the AD patients with head and neck dermatitis. A relatively high proportion of patients without head and neck dermatitis and patients with low total serum IgE levels had a positive APT for M. sympodialis, despite lower proportions of individuals with M. sympodialis-specific IgE among these groups of patients. Conclusions These results support that Malassezia can play a role in eliciting and maintaining eczema in patients with AD. The addition of an APT to the test battery used in this study reveals a previously overlooked impact of Malassezia hypersensitivity in certain subgroups of AD patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05093.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)-Activated Syngeneic Epidermal Cells on a PPD-Specific Rat T-Helper Cell Line (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An important question in local immune regulation in the skin is how keratinocytes at inflammatory sites can modify a local T-cell response to antigens introduced via the skin. In the present study we investigated the effects of rat epidermal cells obtained from the site of a tuberculin reaction, on the proliferate response of a syngeneic purified protein derivative (PPD)-specific CD4+ T-cell line. Epidermal cell suspensions from the tuberculin-reactive can contained 23–37% cells expressing class II transplantation antigens as judged by immunocytochemistry compared with 2–3% in normal epidermis. When comparing the capacity of these two different epidermal cell populations to induce a PPD-specific T-cell response in vitro, it was found that the PPD-reactive epidermal cells induced a lower T-cell response than did normal epidermal cells. This discrepancy cannot be explained by an infiltration of inflammatory cells into the epidermis of tuberculin-reactive ears. Our data indicate that epidermal cells modified during a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in vivo may suppress an antigen-specific T-cell proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1989.tb01171.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    T-Cell Response to Purified Protein Derivative after Removal of Langerhans' Cells from Epidermal Cell Suspensions Containing Keratinocytes Expressing Class II Transplantation Antigens (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 28 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In a previous study we observed that human epidermal cell (EC) suspensions containing HLA-DR-expressing keratinocytes showed an amplified T-cell response to purified protein derivative (PPD). To evaluate further the possible immunological importance of class II transplantation antigens on keratinocytes we have compared the T-cell response to PPD in the presence of the following stimulator cells: EC suspensions from normal skin, or EC from tuberculin-reactive skin with or without removal of Langerhans' cells. The proliferation of purified T lymphocytes from peripheral blood in response to PPD in the presence of various concentrations of autologous EC was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation on day 6. In 3 experiments out of 4 the EC from tuberculin-reactive skin, containing 28–76% HLA-DR-expressing cells as judged by immunocytochemistry (which also revealed fairly numerous HLA-DQ/ -DP-expressing keratinocytes and a slight increase in CD36- and CD4- but not CD1-expressing cells), induced a more pronounced T-cell response to PPD than did normal EC. This was not the case in the fourth experiment, in which a small number of HLA-DR- (15%) and few if any HLA-DQ-/-DP-expressing keratinocytes were found. Immunomagnetic removal of CD1-reactive Langerhans' cells from the tuberculin-reactive EC suspensions resulted in a reduction of the T-cell response to PPD, in most cases down to background level (T cells alone + PPD). This study does not support the hypothesis that HLA-DR-expressing keratinocytes can in themselves act as antigen-presenting cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb01500.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Class II Transplantation Antigens in the Late Human Skin Tuberculin Reaction (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 22 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The presence of class II transplantation antigens on keratinocytes and the phenotypes of the inflammatory cells in the late human skin tuberculin reaction were analysed with immunohistochemical double staining techniques in frozen sections of skin biopsies taken 10-45 days after intradermal purified protein derivative (PPD) injection. Dermal cell infiltrates decreased with time but were found throughout the observation period. Most of the cells in the perivascular infiltrates expressed HLA-DR antigens. Some of these cells are probably ‘activated’ macrophages, since they expressed OKM1 and OKT9 antigens in consecutive sections. Another less frequent cell population which reacted with RFD1 antibodies are presumably interdigitating cells. About half the perivascular cells were anti-Leu 3a-positive (T ‘helper/inducer’ phenotype). HLA-DR but not HLA-DO antigens were detected on keratinocytes. This acquired expression of HLA-DR antigens on the epithelial cells disappeared between 17 and 30 days. If HLA-DR-expressing keratinocytes have immunoregulatory functions these might be different from those of other HLA-DR-expressing cell types that also express HLA-DO molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1985.tb01875.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidermal Langerhans Cells as Accessory Cells in Con A Stimulation of T Lymphocytes in the Guinea-Pig (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 17 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Stimulation of guinea-pig T cells by concanavalin A (Con A) requires Ia-anligen expressing accessory cells. Such functional accessory cells were identified among the normal epidermal cells and could be fractionated and enriched by centrifugal ion on discontinuous Percoll density gradients. Epidermal cells collecting at a density of 1.08 g/ml were the most effective in mediating Con A-dependent T cell proliferation, induced the highest activity of T cell growth factors (TCGF) and were enriched fivefold for Ia antigen expressing cells. A monolayer immunosorbent technique yielded a 35-fold enrichment of Ia antigen expressing epidermal cells. This cell fraction induced high levels of TCGF in the culture supernatants. Since the only cells in the normal epidermis expressing Ia antigens are the Langerhans cells, we conclude that the Langerhans cells may act as accessory cells for Con A stimulation of T cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1983.tb00791.x
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