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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 13 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of hypo-osmotic membrane stretch on intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), cell volume and cellular excitability were investigated in cultured mouse primary sensory trigeminal neurons. Hypotonic solutions (15–45%) led to rapid cell swelling in all neurons. Swelling was accompanied by dose-dependent elevations in [Ca2+]i in a large fraction of neurons. Responses could be classified into three categories. (i) In 57% of the neurons [Ca2+]i responses had a slow rise time and were generally of small amplitude. (ii) In 21% of the neurons, responses had a faster rise and were larger in amplitude. (iii) The remaining cells (22%) did not show [Ca2+]i responses to hypo-osmotic stretch. Slow and fast [Ca2+]i changes were observed in trigeminal neurons of different sizes with variable responses to capsaicin (0.5 µm). The swelling-induced [Ca2+]i responses were not abolished after depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores with cyclopiazonic acid or preincubation in thapsigargin, but were suppressed in the absence of external Ca2+. They were strongly attenuated by extracellular nickel and gadolinium. Hypotonic stimulation led to a decrease in input resistance and to membrane potential depolarization. Under voltage-clamp, the [Ca2+]i elevation produced by hypotonic stimulation was accompanied by the development of an inward current and a conductance increase. The time course and amplitude of the [Ca2+]i response to hypo-osmotic stimulation showed a close correlation with electrophysiological properties of the neurons. Fast [Ca2+]i responses were characteristic of trigeminal neurons with short duration action potentials and marked inward rectification. These findings suggest that hypo-osmotic stimulation activates several Ca2+-influx pathways, including Gd3+-sensitive stretch-activated ion channels, in a large fraction of trigeminal ganglion neurons. Opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels also contributes to the response. The pattern and rate of Ca2+ influx may be correlated with functional subtypes of sensory neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 196 (1962), S. 378-379 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] 4 M sodium chloride filled glass microelectrodes with a tip diameter of 1-5-3µ and a resistance of 1-3 MW were used to record extracellular miniature end-plate potentials in the rat diaphragm-phrenic nerve preparation in vitro. The mounting of the preparation, the recording technique and the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 191 (1961), S. 1103-1104 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The stimulating electrode (filled with 4 M sodium chloride, 1-5-3(JL tip and 1-3 megohm resistance) was located at neuromuscular junctions by using it to record extracellular end-plate potentials in curarized (2-4 x 10~6 gm./ml.) or magnesium-poisoned (11 m.mole/1.) preparations (Fig. 1^4). With ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 258 (1967), S. 69-82 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Spinal Cord ; Presynaptic Inhibition ; Postsynaptic Inhibition ; Flexor Reflex ; Diazepam ; Rückenmark ; Präsynaptische Hemmung ; Postsynaptische Hemmung ; Flexorreflex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An spinalisierten und mit Nembutal narkotisierten Katzen wurde die Wirkung von Diazepam (Valium „Roche“) auf die Amplitude monound polysynaptischer Reflexpotentiale, auf prä- und postsynaptische Hemmung und auf das „dorsal root potential“ (DRP) untersucht. Mono- bzw. polysynaptische Reflexe, die nach Reizung von Muskel- bzw. Hautnerven der Hinterextremität von Vorderwurzeln abgeleitet wurden, konnten durch i. v. Injektion von Diazepam verkleinert, aber nicht zum Verschwinden gebracht werden. Wie für alle anderen Meßgrößen dieser Untersuchung lag die Schwellendosis bei 0,05 mg/kg. Maximale Effekte wurden mit Dosen von 0,5–1,0 mg/kg erzielt. Die postsynaptische Hemmung von Motoneuronen wurde durch Diazepam nicht beeinflußt. Die präsynaptische Hemmung monosynaptischer Reflexe wurde dagegen vergrößert und verlängert. Diese Veränderungen der präsynaptischen Hemmung zeigten sich auch in einer Vergrößerung und Verlängerung des DRP. Das DRP wurde entweder durch elektrische Reizung von Haut- und Muskelnerven oder durch mechanische Hautreizung erzeugt. Ein experimenteller Vergleich der Diazepamwirkung und der Barbituratwirkung auf das DRP wurde durchgeführt. Glykofurol, ein Bestandteil des organischen Lösungsvermittlers von Diazepam, hat teilweise ähnliche Wirkungen wie Diazepam selbst. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde im Hinblick auf die muskelrelaxierende Wirkung von Diazepam wird besprochen.
    Notes: Summary The effect of diazepam (Valium “Roche”) on the amplitude of mono-and polysynaptic reflex potentials, on post- and presynaptic inhibition and on dorsal root potentials has been investigated using spinalized cats anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Mono- and polysynaptic reflex potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of muscle and cutaneous nerves of the hind limb and recorded from ventral roots or peripheral nerves were reduced but never abolished by intravenous injection of diazepam. As for all other effects described in this paper the minimal effective dose was around 0.05 mg/kg. Maximal effects were obtained with doses of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg. Diazepam did not influence the amount and time course of postsynaptic inhibition of motoneurons. It did, however, increase and prolong the presynaptic inhibition of monosynaptic reflexes. These changes of presynaptic inhibition were also reflected in an increase and prolongation of the dorsal root potentials evoked either by electrical stimulation of muscle and cutaneous nerves or by natural stimulation of skin receptors. An experimental comparison was made between these effects and those produced by barbiturates. Glycofurol, one of the organic solvents of diazepam, mimics in some respects the effects of diazepam itself. The importance of these findings in regard to the mode of action of diazepam as a muscle relaxant is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 3 (1967), S. 234-247 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cutaneous afferents ; Primary afferent depolarization ; Presynaptic inhibition ; Surround inhibition ; Spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. An investigation was made into the presynaptic depolarization of the spinal cord terminals of mechanoreceptor units of the hind foot of the cat after short mechanical displacement of the skin. The depolarization was measured by testing the excitability of the primary afferent fibres. 2. The following types of mechanoreceptor units were investigated: touch receptors of the central foot pad, hair follicle receptors, and touch corpuscles of the hairy skin. They were all depolarized by mechanical stimuli to the central pad or to the hairy skin. No difference has been found between receptor units which had or did not have a collateral in the dorsal columns. 3. The amount of depolarization depended on the amplitude of the mechanical stimulus. With weak mechanical pulses there was a close relation between the amplitude of the pulse and the size of the depolarization, but there was little additional increase of the depolarization with skin indentations exceeding 10 to 15 μ. No spatial facilitation could be demonstrated when two mechanical pulses were applied simultaneously. 4. The presynaptic depolarization of cutaneous mechanoreceptor afferents has a ‘surround’ pattern of organization: with mechanical pulses of constant amplitude the depolarization was largest when the pulse was applied at or close to the receptive field of the unit and decreased with increasing distance between the middle of the receptive field and the stimulus point. It seemed unimportant whether or not the unit under study was excited by the conditioning stimulus. 5. There is a discussion of the functional significance of these findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Sensory innervation ; Meninges ; Neuropeptides ; Neurogenic inflammation ; Headache
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural, immunocytochemical, and immunoelectron microscopical examinations are reported that describe the morphology of putative sensory nerve endings in the dura mater encephali of the rat and the cat. Morphometrical measurements and reconstructions showed that in the cat the mean diameter of axons, the bare area of axolemma, and the content of mitochondria and vesicles are highly variable in dural nerve endings. Nerve fibers with a high volume density of mitochondria are thought to be sensory, while nerve fibers containing many small vesicles are considered autonomic. There is, however, a broad overlap of mitochondria-rich and vesicle-rich nerve fibers in the dura, so that discrimination between sensory and autonomic endings by these characteristics frequently fails. Whole-mount preparations treated cytochemically for detection of substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in the rat and the cat showed a network of immunopositive nerve fibers in the vicinity of dural blood vessels. Most of these peptidergic and probably sensory nerve fibers were found terminating in the dural connective tissue far from vessels. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive nerve fibers were much more abundant than substance P-positive fibers. Immunoelectron microscopic preparations revealed that calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-like immunoreactivity is found in a small proportion of generally thin unmyelinated nerve fibers. These proportions were very similar in the rat and the cat. Summarizing the recent literature, the morphological characteristics of putative sensory nerve fibers in the dura mater are discussed in relation to their possible functional significance for neurogenic inflammation and nociception.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Positron emission tomography ; Articular nociception ; Cerebral blood flow ; Joint inflammation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In cats the global (gCBF) as well as the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and blood pressure were measured before, during, and after noxious inward and outward rotations of normal and inflamed elbow joints. The animals were anesthetized with halothane and immobilized by gallamine triethiodide. The gCBF as well as the rCBF were measured using positron emission tomography (PET) with a camera specifically designed for use in small animals. Slow intravenous bolus injections of 15O-labeled water were followed by 3-min acquisition of regional radioactivity starting at the time of injection. In all experiments the gCBF as well as the blood pressure were increased by noxious inward-outward rotations of the normal and of the inflamed joint, whereas the blood pressure and the rCBF remained unchanged during bolus injections under control conditions (without any joint movement). Movements of the inflamed joint evoked significantly greater increases in blood pressure and gCBF than corresponding ones of the normal joint. These increases in gCBF were paralleled by increases in rCBF along the complete anterior to posterior axis of the brain. Again, the increases in rCBF were larger, more extensive and more uniform following the stimulation of the inflamed joint relative to the results obtained with stimulation of the normal joint. No significant laterality was seen, but when an atlas-based region of interest (ROI) analysis was carried out and when the individual variations in rCBF were removed with two-way ANOVA, significant differences were disclosed in rCBF between the stimulated condition and the resting condition in a large number of brain regions. In particular, noxious rotation of the normal (right) elbow joint induced a significant increase in rCBF over the cerebral cortex and in the right thalamus and hippocampus. The same stimulation of the (left) inflamed joint induced a significant increase in rCBF throughout the brain; the biggest increase being over the right posterior cortex. It is concluded that under the conditions of the present experiments the generally accepted autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow is not fully functioning, and various factors that may be responsible for this failure (which obscures rCBF differences) are discussed. The more pronounced increases in rCBF when moving inflamed joints instead of normal ones is thought to be a direct consequence of the peripheral sensitization of the articular nociceptors and the consequent central hyperexcitability induced in the articular nociceptive pathways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 277 (1963), S. 325-346 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 270 (1960), S. 308-318 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Veränderungen des Ruhe- und Aktionspotentials von Uterusstreifen virgineller und mit Östrogen vorbehandelter Meerschweinchen unter dem Einfluß von Acetylcholin und Orasthin wurde mit Hilfe der Saccharose-Trennwand untersucht. 2. Nach dem Einspannen zeigten die Präparate eine unregelmäßige spontane Aktivität, die nach einiger Zeit erlosch. 3. Die Messung des Ruhepotentials durch Depolarisation einer Seite mit isotonischer K2SO4-Lösung ergab Werte zwischen 33 u. 53 mV, im Mittel 42 mV. 4. Ach und Orasthin rufen an Uterusstreifen virgineller Meerschweinchen Aktionspotentiale hervor, zusammen mit einer vorhergehenden oder begleitenden Abnahme des Ruhepotentials. 5. Nach der Vorbehandlung der Tiere mit Östrogen sind die Präparate auf Ach und Orasthin wesentlich empfindlicher. Die minimal wirksame Konzentration ist 1–2 Zehnerpotenzen kleiner, die Aktionspotentiale sind kürzer und frequenter. Kurze Orasthin-Applikation regt die Präparate zu minutenlanger Tätigkeit an.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 326 (1971), S. 240-253 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Superior Cervical Ganglion ; Ganglionic Transmission ; Postganglionic Reflexes ; Somatic Afferents ; Sympathetic Reflexes ; Ganglion cervicale superior ; Ganglionäre Übertragung ; Postganglionäre Reflexe ; Somatische Afferenzen ; Sympathische Reflexe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The characteristics of the mass reflex responses recorded from the postganglionic branch (N. caroticus internus) of the superior cervical ganglion following afferent nerve stimulation were studied in cats anaesthetized with chloralose. 2. The postganglionic reflex produced by a single volley in low threshold cutaneous or high threshold muscle afferents consisted of two initial and two more irregular, later and smaller components. All reflex components showed considerable variations both in latency and amplitude. 3. The reflex discharges were followed by a post-excitatory depression both of the spontaneous discharges of the postganglionic fibres (silent period) and of the effects of a consecutive afferent volley. The depression was complete from about 45 to about 150 ms after the afferent volley entered the spinal cord. Full recovery took more than 1,200 ms. 4. Brief tetanic stimuli (1 to 10 pulses, 100 to 300 Hz, max. train duration 45 ms) enhanced all reflex components. The excitatory effects of afferent volleys entering the spinal cord more than 45 ms after the first one were suppressed by the post-excitatory depression initiated by their predecessors. 5. A comparison of these results with those obtained when recording from the preganglionic trunk and with those obtained in previous work studying impulse transmission in the superior cervical ganglion revealed that this ganglion transmits the preganglionic reflex discharges in a remarkably faithful manner. 6. It is concluded that the characteristics of somatically induced post-ganglionic reflex discharges depend largeley on the properties of the spinal and supraspinal sympathetic reflex centers, the sympathetic ganglia acting solely as relay in the efferent pathway.
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