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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cytoskeleton ; Wound healing ; Fibrosis ; Extracellular matrix ; Cytokine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Granulation tissue fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) develop several ultrastructural and biochemical features of smooth muscle (SM) cells, including the presence of microfilament bundles and the expression of α-SM actin, the actin isoform present in SM cells and myoepithelial cells and particularly abundant in vascular SM cells. Myofibroblasts have been suggested to play a role in wound contraction and in retractile phenomena observed during fibrotic diseases. When contraction stops and the wound is fully epithelialized, myofibroblasts containing α-SM actin disappear, probably as a result of apoptosis, and the scar classically becomes less cellular and composed of typical fibroblasts with well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum but with no more microfilaments. In contrast, α-SM actin expressing myofibroblasts persist in hypertrophic scars and in fibrotic lesions of many organs, including stroma reaction to epithelial tumours, where they are allegedly involved in retractile phenomena as well as in extracellular matrix accumulation. The mechanisms leading to the development of myofibroblastic features remain to be investigated. In vivo and in vitro investigations have shown that γ-interferon exerts an antifibrotic activity at least in part by decreasing α-SM actin expression whereas heparin increases the proportion of α-SM actin positive cells. Recently, we have observed that the subcutaneous administration of transforming growth factor-β1 to rats results in the formation of a granulation tissue in which α-SM actin expressing myofibroblasts are particularly abundant. Other cytokines and growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and tumour necrosis factor-α, despite their profibrotic activity, do not induce α-SM actin in myofibroblasts. In conclusion, fibroblastic cells are relatively undifferentiated and can assume a particular phenotype according to the physiological needs and/or the microenvironmental stimuli. Further studies on fibroblast adaptation phenomena appear to be useful for the understanding of the mechanisms of development and regression of pathological processes such as wound healing and fibrocontractive diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus ; Opportunisitc ocular infections ; AIDS-associated retinopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Characteristic ophthalmopathological features of retinal lesions in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are reported. In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed severe unilateral cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. The opposite retina which was not involved by CMV showed nonspecific signs of ischaemia in the nerve fiber layer corresponding to cotton-wool spots. Occasional cells of both retinas were positively stained by a mouse monoclonal antibody to the p24 HIV-1 antigen indicating infection of retinal cells by HIV. It is suggested that HIV may directly or indirectly damage retinal tissue and interact with opportunistic pathogens, thus leading to a variety of ocular abnormalities associated with AIDS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Carbon tetrachloride ; Liver disease ; Myofibroblast ; Actin isoforms ; Desmin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hepatic perisinusoidal cells (PSCs) proliferate and are thought to be the principal source of extracellular matrix proteins during the development of liver fibrosis. We have studied the classical model of carbon tetrachloride induced liver fibrosis in order to evaluate the possible modulation of PSCs into a synthetically active and contractile cell: the myofibroblast (MF). At the ultrastructural level, this modulation was characterized by reduction of lipid vacuoles and appearance of a developed rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as of microfilament bundles. On investigating the cytoskeletal equipment of PSCs and MFs using light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry, we found a heterogeneity of phenotypic features. While typical PSCs in normal and fibrotic livers always contained desmin, MFs expressedα-smooth muscle (SM) actin in areas of tissue injury and active fibrogenesis. Cells co-expressingα-SM actin and desmin were most prominent in the prevenular zone of the lobule (known to be vulnerable to carbon tetrachloride toxicity) and in developing fibrous septa. As demonstrated by immunogold electron microscopy, labelling of microfilament bundles byα-SM actin antibody was noted in PSCs containing lipid droplets in early stages of fibrosis; here MFs gradually accumulated and showedα-SM actin containing microfilament bundles. In scar tissue,α-SM actin expression decreased in both PSCs and myofibroblasts. Our observations support the concept of phenotypic plasticity of PSCs and confirm, at the ultrastructural level, previous suggestions of modulation of these cells into MFs in the course of liver fibrosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Intraepithelial T-cells ; Intestinal lymphoma ; T-cell receptor rearrangement ; Mucosal remodelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intestinal T-cell lymphoma (ITCL) is an uncommon entity among primary gastrointestinal lymphomas. In this study we evaluated tumours from 20 patients presenting with (n=8) or without (n=12) a history of coeliac disease (CD). Neoplastic lesions were composed of predominantly small (n=4), small-to-medium (n=2), medium/mixed-to-large (n=7) or large and anaplastic (n=7) cells. Different patterns of tumour growth and remodelling of the small bowel wall were observed. Pattern a (n=4) was characterized by an intramucosal spread of small tumour cells with a small growth fraction. This pattern resembles mucosal inflammation in CD. In pattern b (n=2), ulcerated solitary or multiple tumours composed of small to medium-sized cells were observed. The adjacent or distant mucosa showed a nearly normal architecture. In pattern c (n=7), ulcerated lesions were composed of medium-sized to large cells. Mucosal flattening occurred in all segments infiltrated by lymphoma. In pattern d (n=7), bowel remodelling was observed along the small intestine even at sites not affected by lymphoma. The main neoplastic lesions were composed of pleomorphic large or anaplastic cells frequently expressing the CD30 molecule. Intramucosal spread of a small epitheliotropic T-cell population was observed in the vicinity or even at distant segments of the small bowel. The demonstration of clonal rearrangements of T-cell receptor genes helped to trace widespread occurrence of this small intraepithelial neoplastic component. We suggest that different features of tumour cells such as the expression of activation antigens may contribute to the remodelling of small bowel mucosa. The addition of immunophenotyping data to macroscopic and microscopic features of specimens provided evidence that this uncommon lymphoma exhibits a spectrum in cytological composition and growth patterns. However, despite the considerable heterogeneity of the cases analysed, most of them shared a characteristic immunohistochemical profile (CD3+, CD8+/−, CD103+), further substantiating the view that ITCL is the neoplastic equivalent of an intraepithelial T-cell subset of the small intestine. This phenotype and the intraepithelial accumulation of lymphoma cells observed in the surviving mucosa are clues to the diagnosis of this clinicopathological lymphoma entity characterized by a broad range of morphological expressions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 21 (2000), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Myelodysplasie ; FAB-Klassifikation ; Knochenmarkmorphologie ; Zytogenetik ; Therapiekonzepte ; Key words Myelodysplastic syndrome ; FAB classification ; Bone marrow morphology ; Cytogenetics ; Therapeutic modalities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogenous group of clonal stem cell disorders which generally occur in older adults but may also affect children. Primary MDS should be distinguished from secondary MDS associated with antineoplastic or immunosuppressive therapy (t-MDS), exposure to toxic compounds, or genetic disorders. The establishment of a neoplastic clone is reflected by dysplastic features and impaired function which may affect all three hematopoietic cell lineages. The ineffective hematopoiesis which causes bone marrow failure is accompanied by peripheral blood cytopenia and is considered to result from increased apoptosis, at least in the less advanced MDS stages. The elucidation of the molecular pathogenesis of MDS has provided evidence that chromosomal abnormalities are present in about 50% of patients with primary MDS. They include numerical aberrations such as monosomy 5 or 7, trisomy 8, loss of the Y-chromosome and structural abnormalities such as deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 (5q-syndrome), 7, or 8. Based on the percentage of blasts (〈5%, 5–20%, 20–30%) and the presence of 〉15% ringed sideroblasts for marrows with 〈5% blasts, the French-American-British (FAB) classifies MDS into 4 morphologic categories: refractory anemia (RA), refractory anemia with excess of blasts (RAEB), refractory anemia with excess of blasts in transformation (RAEB-t), and refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts. The fifth morphologic type is chronic myelomonocytic leukemia characterized by peripheral blood monocytosis (〉1×109/l). However, a modification of this classification will be proposed by the World Health Organization, with the intention of lowering the threshold for the diagnosis of AML from 30% to 20% blast cells. In patients presenting with cytopenias suggesting impaired hematopoiesis, the initial diagnosis depends mainly on the cytological evaluation of bone marrow and blood smears and the histological findings of trephine bone marrow biopsy. In a retrospective analysis we evaluated the occurrence of the distinct FAB-categories as percentage of the total number of MDS cases diagnosed at the Institute of Pathology of the University of Freiburg. A total of 63% fullfilled the criteria of RA/RARS, 17% of RAEB, 14% of RAEB-t, and 6% of CMML. A fibrotic variant of MDS was observed in 7.67% of all cases, ranging from 2.34% in RA up to 15.42–15.84% in the categories which did not show significant differences with regard to myelofibrosis. The histologic evaluation of a trephine bone marrow biopsy is of critical importance for the evaluation of fibrotic or hypocellular MDS since these patterns are not reflected by the cytological examination. The combined cytological and histological diagnosis of bone marrow and peripheral blood is a reliable tool for the initial diagnosis of MDS. In addition, cytogenetic and molecular analysis should be performed. Presently, the risk of leukemic transformation is evaluated using the International Prognostic Scoring System for MDS, which is the sum of the scores of bone marrow blasts, karyotypes and cytopenia. In the context of clinical trials therapeutic modalities should be considerd according to the age and the general performance state and the prognostic scores of individual patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Myelodysplastische Syndrome (MDS) sind eine heterogene Gruppe klonaler Stammzellerkrankungen, die vor allem bei älteren Menschen, selten allerdings auch bei Kindern auftreten. Vom primären MDS wird die Gruppe der sekundären MDS nach antineoplastischer oder immunsuppressiver Therapie (t-MDS) oder bei genetischer Prädisposition abgegrenzt. Die Etablierung eines neoplastischen Klons manifestiert sich in dysplastischen und funktionellen Veränderungen, die die 3 hämatopoetischen Zellreihen in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß betreffen. Durch die in vor allem in früheren Stadien des MDS gesteigerte Apoptose ist die Hämatopoese ineffektiv. Es kommt zum Knochenmarkversagen mit Zytopenien im peripheren Blut. Untersuchungen zur molekularen Pathogenese des MDS haben gezeigt, dass bei etwa der Hälfte chromosomale Anomalien, insbesondere numerische Aberrationen wie Monosomie 5 oder 7, Trisomie 8, Verlust des Y-Chromosoms und strukturelle Anomalien wie Deletionen am langen Arm von Chromosom 5 (5q-Syndrom), 7 oder 8 auftreten. Das Risiko einer Transformation in eine akute myeloische Leukämie (AML) wird derzeit nach dem internationalen Prognosescore für das MDS unter Berücksichtigung des Myeloblastenanteils im Knochenmark von Karyotyp und Zytopenien ermittelt. Der Myeloblastenanteil im Knochenmark (〈5%, 5–20%, 20–30%) und der Nachweis von 〉15% Ringsideroblasten bei 〈5% Myeloblasten ist das entscheidende Kriterium für die French-American-British-(FAB-)Klassifikation myelodysplastischer Syndrome und hat zur Definition der Kategorien refraktäre Anämie (RA), refraktäre Anämie mit Blastenexzess (RAEB), refraktäre Anämie mit Blastenexzess in Transformation (RAEB-t) bzw. refraktäre Anämie mit Ringsideroblasten (RARS) geführt. Eine weitere Kategorie ist die chronische myelomonozytäre Leukämie (CMML) mit einer Monozytose von 〉1×109/l. Eine Modifikation dieser Einteilung mit Herabsetzung des Grenzwerts für die Diagnose einer AML von 30 auf 20% Blasten ist allerdings von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) vorgesehen. Bei Patienten mit Zytopenien, die auf eine gestörte Hämatopoese hinweisen, beruht die initiale Diagnosestellung eines MDS ganz überwiegend auf der zytologischen Untersuchung von Knochenmark- und Blutausstrichen und auf dem Befund der Beckenkammbiopsie. In einer retrospektiven Analyse haben wir den Anteil der einzelnen FAB-Kategorien, bezogen auf die Gesamtzahl der in einem Zeitraum von 5 Jahren am Pathologischen Institut der Universität Freiburg gestellten MDS-Diagnosen, mit einem Anteil von 63% für die RA/RARS, von 17% für die RAEB, von 14% für die RAEB-t und von 6% für die CMML ermittelt. Eine fibrotische Variante eines MDS fand sich insgesamt in 7,67% der Fälle und war am seltensten bei der RA (2,34%), während die anderen Kategorien mit etwa 15,42–15,84% keine signifikanten Unterschiede aufwiesen. Gerade beim fibrotischen oder hypozellulären MDS kommt der Beckenkammbiopsie eine besondere diagnostische Bedeutung zu, da die zytologische Untersuchung diese Veränderungen nicht zuverlässig erfasst. Die kombinierte zytologische und histologische Beurteilung von Knochenmark und Blut stellt eine Basis für die Diagnose eines MDS dar, die durch zytogenetische und molekulare Analysen ergänzt werden sollte. Spezifische Therapieansätze, oft im Rahmen von klinischen Studien, werden primär in Abhängigkeit von Alter und Allgemeinzustand des Patienten gewählt sowie von der Risikogruppe der MDS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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