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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation between chlorophyllide esterification, Shibata shift and regeneration of protochlorophyllide650 in flash-irradiated etiolated barley leaves (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 121 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The pigments of etiolated leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were analysed during dark periods after flash illumination, and the results were compared with in vivo spectroscopy of the leaves. Pretreatment of the leaves with kinetin slightly stimulated and pretreatment with NaF and anaerobiosis inhibited the esterification of chlorophyllide a (Chlide) at 10–40 min after the flash, whereas the rapid esterification within 30 s after the flash remained unchanged. Irrespective of pretreatment, the amount of esterified pigment was, at any time, identical with the amount of pigment that had shifted its absorption from 684 to 672 nm (Shibata shift). Cycloheximide (CHI) had only a small inhibitory effect on esterification, but drastically inhibited the hydrogenation of geranylgeraniol to phytol, bound to Chlide. The regeneration of long-wavelength protochlorophyllide a (Pchlide650) was stimulated by kinetin and inhibited by CHI and NaF. During the rapid phase (0–30 s after the flash), the esterification was faster than the regeneration of Pchlide650, and this, in turn, was faster than the formation of photoactive Pchlide. The kinetics changed after pretreatment with 5-aminolaevulinic acid: regeneration of Pchlide650 was the fastest reaction and the Shibata shift preceded the esterification of Chlide. The results are discussed as pigment exchange reactions at NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR; EC 1.6.99.1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2004.00362.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chlorophyll synthetase is latent in well preserved prolamellar bodies of etiolated wheat (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 80 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Membrane fractions containing intact etioplasts, etioplast inner membranes, prolamellar bodies or prothylakoids from wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Walde) were assayed for chlorophyll synthetase activity. Calculated on a protein basis, the etioplast inner membrane fraction showed a higher activity than the intact etioplasts. The activity was higher in the prolamellar body fraction than in the prothylakoid fraction. However, when the fractions were incubated in isolation medium with 50% (w/w) sucrose and 0.3 mM NADPH, chlorophyll synthetase activity could not be detected in the prolamellar body fraction, while the prothylakoid fraction maintained a high activity. The spectral shift to a shorter wavelength of the newly formed endogenous chlorophyllide was very rapid in the prothylakoid fraction but slow in the prolamellar body fraction. The relation between the spectral shift of chlorophyllide and the esterification activity in the fractions is discussed. Even exogenous short-wavelength chlorophyllide could not be esterified in well preserved prolamellar bodies. This indicates that chlorophyll synthetase is present in an inactive state in the prolamellar body structure. A large-scale method for the synthesis of geranylgeranylpyrophosphate, one of the substrates of the chlorophyll synthetase reaction, is also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1990.tb04408.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abbau von Chlorophyll (1989)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 76 (1989), S. 453-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00366221
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chlorophyll b reduction during senescence of barley seedlings (1999)
    Springer
    Planta 209 (1999), S. 364-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Chlorophyllase ; Chlorophyll b reductase ; Hordeum ; 71-Hydroxy-chlorophyll a ; Leaf senescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. During senescence of flowering plants, only breakdown products derived from chlorophyll a were detected although  b disappears, too (Matile et al., 1996, Plant Physiol 112: 1403–1409). We investigated the possibility of chlorophyll b reduction during dark-induced senescence of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves. Plastids isolated from senescing leaves were lysed and incubated with NADPH. We found 71-hydroxy-chlorophyll a, 71-hydroxy-chlorophyllide a, and, after incubation with Zn-pheophorbide b, also Zn-71-hydroxy-pheophorbide a, indicating activity of chlorophyll(ide) b reductase. The highest activity was found at day 2 of senescence when chlorophyll breakdown reached its highest rate. Chlorophyllase reached its highest activity under the same conditions only at days 4–6 of senescence. Based on the chlorophyll b reductase activity of plastids at day 2.5 of senescence (=100%), the bulk of activity (83%) was found in the thylakoids and only traces (5%) in the envelope fraction. Chlorophyll b reduction is considered to be an early and obligatory step of chlorophyll b breakdown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050644
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lichtabhängigkeit der Phytolakkumulation (1976)
    Springer
    Planta 130 (1976), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Phytol is identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and its concentration determined (range 0.005–3 μg) in darkgrown and irradiated plants. Seeds of oats (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) contain bound phytol (2–5 μg/g). The phytol content decreases during germination in the dark. Phytol synthesis in dark-grown seedlings starts in the light and stops in the dark again. The degradation of phytol in the dark is much slower than that of chlorophyll. The action spectra of phytol and chlorophyll accumulation are identical. The phytol/chlorophyll ratio increases at higher intensities of the monochromatic light, independent of the wavelength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384413
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of chlorophyll a spectra in wild-type and mutant barley chloroplasts grown under day or intermittent light (1982)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 3 (1982), S. 19-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: absorption ; chlorophyll ; chloroplasts ; fluorescence ; photosynthesis ; spectral curve analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The absorption (640–710 nm) and fluorescence emission (670–710 nm) spectra (77 K) of wild-type and Chl b-less, mutant, barley chloroplasts grown under either day or intermittent light were analysed by a RESOL curve-fitting program. The usual four major forms of Chl a at 662, 670, 678 and 684 nm were evident in all of the absorption spectra and three major components at 686, 693 and 704 nm in the emission spectra. A broad Chl a component band at 651 nm most likely exists in all chlorophyll spectra in vivo. The results show that the mutant lacks not only Chl b, but also the Chl a molecules which are bound to the light-harvesting, Chl a/b, protein complex of normal plants. It also appears that the absorption spectrum of this antenna complex is not modified appreciably by its isolation from thylakoid membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00030046
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die Bindungen zwischen Chromophor und Protein in Biliproteiden, III. Eliminierungsreaktionen an Modellsubstanzen (1976)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1976 (1976), S. 549-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Linkages between Chromophore and Protein in Biliproteins, III.  -  Elimination Reactions with Model CompoundsThe syntheses of 2-[1-(ethylthio)ethyl]-3-methylsuccinimide (10) and S-[1-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-3-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]cysteine (11) are described. Oxidation of 10 and 11 with chromic acid leads to the sulfones 12 and 13. Elimination of the corresponding sulfinic acids from the substituted succinimides with ammonia yields E- and 2-configurated 2-ethylidene-3-methyl-succinimide (4a and 4b, resp.).
    Notes: Die Synthesen von 2-[1-(Äthylthio)äthyl]-3-methylsuccinimid (10) und S-[1-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo-3-pyrrolidinyl)äthyl]cystein (11) werden beschrieben. Die Oxidation von 10 und 11 mit Chromsäure führt zu den Sulfonen 12 und 13. Die Eliminierung der entsprechenden Sulfinylsäuren aus den substituierten Succinimiden mit Ammoniak liefert E- bzw. Z-konfiguriertes 2-Äthyliden-3-methylsuccinimid (4a bzw. 4b).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.197619760318
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die Bindungen zwischen Chromophor und Protein in Biliproteiden, IV. Modelle für Phytochrom (1976)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1976 (1976), S. 559-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Linkages between Chromophore and Protein in Biliproteins, IV.  -  Models for Phytochrome2-[1-(Ethylthio)ethylidene]-3-methylsuccinimide (6) is synthesized from diethyl 2-acetyl-3-methylsuccinate (l), four intermediates being isolated. The acetyl compound 4 is obtained from 6 - and from intermediates 3 and 5 - by acid treatment. Chromic acid transforms 6 into the sulfoxide 7 from which no 4 is obtained by acid treatment. The reactions of 6 with mineral acids and chromic acid correspond to those of phytochrome.
    Notes: 2-[1-(Äthylthio)äthyliden]-3-methylsuccinimid (6) wird aus 2-Acetyl-3-methylbernsteinsäure-diäthylester (1) synthetisiert, wobei vier Zwischenprodukte isoliert werden. Aus 6 entsteht - ebenso wie aus den Zwischenprodukten 3 und 5 - bei Säureeinwirkung die Acetylverbindung 4. Chromsäure führt 6 in das Sulfoxid 7 über, aus dem bei Säureeinwirkung kein 4 erhalten wird. Die Reaktionen von 6 mit Mineralsäuren und Chromsäure entsprechen denen des Phytochroms.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.197619760319
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