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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Exercise ; Fitness ; Body composition ; Growth ; Longitudinal study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report gives results of a longitudinal study of two cohorts of school children in Norway and West-Germany. The rate of growth in body size and composition is identical for the two samples, but different for the two sexes, and follows closely the trend of growth which has been found for North-Europeans in general. Despite of this similarity in growth of anatomical variables the Norwegian children appeared to be superior in their maximum aerobic power at all comparable ages and in both sexes. The differences between means in maximal oxygen uptake varies somewhat with age and sex and are in the range of 5–10%. It is suggested that the mean differences between Norwegian and German children in their exercise and cardio-vascular fitness are brought about by a more physically active behavioural pattern of living in Norway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Exercise ; Pulmonary ventilation ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The paper provides reference values with regard to pulmonary ventilation responses to progressively increasing bicycling up to the maximal level during the period of growth spurt. Data are based on longitudinal studies of rural Norwegian and German school children. A cluster sampling technique was used, starting with the total pupil-population at Lom in Norway at an age of 8 years, and annual tests were performed until the age of 15 years. In Germany a similar pupil-population was tested from age 12 until age 17 years. Functional growth curves giving means and dispersions for ventilation rates, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, ventilatory equivalent and respiratory gas exchange ratio are constructed. Norwegian and German children's developmental process with regard to the exercise ventilation variables were compared, and revealed no significant differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Maximal aerobic power ; Biological age ; Maturation ; Longitudinal study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the development of maximal aerobic power as a function of maturation by a longitudinal study with annual examinations of representative samples of 56 boys and 56 girls in Norway and Western Germany. The age at which occurred peak height velocity (PHV) (i.e. the age at which the greatest height velocity was observed) was used as a reference of biological age and maturation. Before the PHV the mean maximal aerobic power was the same in two cohorts of children both in absolute values as well as in values relative to total and lean body mass. At and after PHV the boys were similar in their absolute values, but the German girls decreased their exercise fitness and became inferior to the Norwegian girls during later adolescence. When related to age of PHV the maximal aerobic power increased during the prepubertal years, mainly as an effect of growth in body size with little or no additional effect of other factors and approached a ceiling level at the end of adolescence. The boys exhibited clearly superior exercise fitness during all years of childhood and adolescence, this being in contrast to the widely accepted concept that no sex difference exists in exercise fitness before puberty. The maximum level for $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ -max, reached at the end of adolescence, averaged 3.2 l/min with a coefficient of variation of about 12% for the boys, and 2.5 l/min for the Norwegian girls and a similar coefficient of variation. As these ceiling values of maximal oxygen uptake agree with published averages for normal young adults representative for the normal population in these two countries, it is suggested that they represent optimal values brought about mainly by normal growth in body size with no or little additional effects of other factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 45 (1980), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Social isolation ; Body composition ; Lung function ; Maximal oxygen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper tested the hypothesis that social isolation of children brings about a reduced pattern of habitual physical activity, influences body composition during growth, and hampers development of physical performance capacity. Two cohorts of children were studied, one living at or close to the center, the other living in the periphery of the community of Lom in Southern Norway. The two cohorts of children differed in their patterns of physical behavior, but were otherwise similar in genetic traits, nutrition, and environmental conditions. During a 4-year period the two cohorts of children were tested annually. The center children were leaner, and their maximal oxygen uptake and forced expiratory volume were greater in all years of growth when related to body size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Lung volumes ; Growth ; Physical performance capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paper concerns a longitudinal study of the relationship between growth in lung functions in terms of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1s, and the development of maximal aerobic power during the age span from 8–18 years of age. The growth curves of anatomical dimensions for boys and girls were similar to those previously established for Northern European children. The growth in lung volume ended later than the growth in body height. It was found that the growth in lung volume was entirely due to growth in body dimensions, with no additional effect of changes in the development of physical performance capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 26 (1968), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the beginning and on the end of a 13 weeks lasting strengthtening, the energy expenditure was examined in 15 trained athletes. A half of the athletes (A) trained in a traditional manner by weight-lifting of dumb-bells, whose weight corresponded to 90–95% of maximum weight, which the athletes were able to lift (concentric contraction). The other half (B) trained only by weight lowering of dumb-bells, whose weight corresponded to 145–150% of the maximum lifted weight (eccentric contractions). This type of both concentric and eccentric strengthtening led to equal strength increasements in both lower and upper limbs. Towards the end of the training, the energy expenditure, needed for one dumbbell lifting decreased from the initial 6.0−5.3 kcal, while the energy expenditure, needed for one dumb-bell lowering changed from the initial value of 4.7−4.0 kcal. The energy expenditure, related to kg body weight and to kg load weight decreased from the initial value of 0.68−0.40 cal/kg/kg dumb-bell weight in lifting and from 0.36−0.21 cal/kg/kg dumb-bell weight in lowering. The ratio of dumb-bell lifting to lowering increases from the initial value of 1.87 to 1.94 at the end of the training. Both oxygen uptake for all the experiment and (especially) oxygen debt decreased towards the end of training in spite of the fact, that the weight load increased substantially. Strengthtening, using eccentric contractions, is more advantageous from the point of view of the energy expenditure when compared with strengthtening using concentric contractions, as follows from our experiments. Since it leads to equal strength increasements as a training using concentric contractions, it may be used as a further mean of a controlled strengthtening.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 28 (1970), S. 86-104 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Heart Rate ; Telemetry ; Performance ; Staging Artists
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During theatrical performances we examined the heart rate course in 38 subjects of both sexes. We followed the activities of the artists staging in drama, opera, operetta and ballet, as well as the activities of conductors. In most artists we also examined the reaction of the organism to a graduated load, by riding a bicycle ergometer. The daily regime of most artists is not convenient. Working capacity W170 proved highest in ballet, while the lowest values were found in drama and operetta. The average heart rate during the performance was in drama 110, in operetta 118, in opera 121, in ballet 133 and in conductors 126 beats per min. Striking increments are connected more with the physical and less with the psychical activity of the artist; the highest values — which were next to the maximal ones — were found in ballet. The circulation load, calculated from the heart rates during the performance shows, that the circulation load makes on average 28–36% for ballet and 40–45% for conductors. The blood pressure after the performance returnes very slowly to the initial values. The results of examinations serve for formulation of more general characteristics of the individual types of activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Electrocardiocorder ; Daily physical activity ; Heart frequency in connection with industrial work ; Sport and leisure time ; Elektrocardiocorder ; TÄgliche körperliche AktivitÄt ; Herzfrequenz bei industrieller Arbeit ; Herzfrequenz beim Sport ; Herzfrequenz in der Freizeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die kontinuierliche Registrierung der Herzfrequenz mit einem transportablen Cardiocorder berichtet, der die minütliche Erfassung der Herzfrequenz für Zeiten bis zu 24 Std erlaubt. Das GerÄt besteht im Prinzip aus einem zweikanaligen TonbandgerÄt, dessen Laufgeschwindigkeit so untersetzt ist, da\ eine normale Tonbandkassette C 60 für eine Herzfrequenzregistrierung von 2×24 Std Dauer ausreicht. Auf der ersten Spur des Tonbandes werden die R-Zacken des EKG als Biosignale registriert; auf der zweiten Spur wird in minütlichen AbstÄnden eine Zeitmarke aufgegeben. Mit Hilfe eines WiedergabegerÄtes wird die 24stündige Aufnahme in ca. 15 min abgespielt. Durch einen eingebauten Impulsformer werden die Signale beider Spuren in digitale Rechteckimpulse umgewandelt. Diese in serieller Form vorliegenden Impulse werden durch ein Interface in einen ZÄhler mit Hilfe der Zeitmarke in minütlichen AbstÄnden gezÄhlt; diese Werte stehen in BCD-Code parallel zur Weitergabe für PeripheriegerÄte wie: Schnelldrucker, Rechner, Kompensationsschreiber etc. zur Verfügung. Wird gleichzeitig die körperliche AktivitÄt, standardisiert durch Selbstoder Fremdbeobachtung, ermittelt, so lassen sich diese Verhaltensmuster mit den Herzfrequenzwerten zur weiteren statistischen Verarbeitung zusammenbringen. Beispiele aus dem Bereich arbeitsmedizinischer, epidemiologischer und sportphysiologischer Untersuchungen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Studies regarding to the continuous registration of the heart frequency by a transportable instrument, which can store the data of the heart frequency per minute up to 24 h, are presented. It is a tape recorder the speed of which is geared down. Thus a normal tape cassette C 60 is sufficient for a registration of the heart frequency during 2×24 h. The R-wave of the ECG is registered on the first channel of the tape as a biological signal. Moreover every minute an impulse of a clock is recorded on the second channel of the tape. With help of a second instrument the play back procedure for the 24-h-recording can be performed in about 15 min. The signals of both channels of the tape are transformed in digital rectangle impulses by an installed impulse-converter. The serial impulses are counted per minute with help of the time-mark by an interface in a counter. These data are at disposal in BCD-code. They can be passed on the following peripherals: digital printer, computer, pen-recorder and so on. A parallel standardized recording of the physical activity observed by the subject or by an experimenter allows a statistical evaluation and comparison of the physical activity with the corresponding heart frequency data. Some examples of the area of occupational health, epidemiology and exercise physiology are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 39 (1978), S. 155-164 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Exercise heart rate ; Blood pressure ; Pulmonary ventilation ; Aerobic power
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a Czechoslovakian population ranging in age from 12–55 years, physical fitness was examined. Heart rate increased linearly with power output, but the slope decreased with age up to 18 years in men and 15 years in women. Maximum heart rate decreased linearly with age in both sexes: from 193 beats/min at 12 years to 169 beats/min at 55 years in males, and from 198–174 beats/min in females at corresponding ages. The value of W 170/kg varied between 2.4 and 2.8 W in men, and 1.7–1.9 W in women; it decreased slightly with age in men, but remained steady in women. Systolic blood pressure at maximal work load rose with age. The incline is steeper in men: from 138/56 torr at the age of 12 years to 190/84 torr at 55 years, compared with 139/57 torr and 182/84 torr in women of similar ages. Pulmonary ventilation at submaximal work load depends linearly on load level, but hyperventilation occurs as the degree of load increases. In older subjects (over 40 years of age) hyperventilation is more profound. The peak values (112 l/min for men and 83 l/min for women) are attained equally in the 18th year of age; a mild decline then follows. Data on oxygen uptake expressed in absolute units ron in parallel, the maximum of 3.28 and 2.17 l/min for men and women, respectively, being reached at the age of 18. When related to body weight, oxygen uptake linearly decreased, within the age range followed, from 48.5 to 32.9 ml/min·kg in men, and from 40.3 to 26.5 ml/min·kg in women. We can thus conclude that the physical fitness of the Czechoslovakian population, as indicated by different functional variables, is similar to that reported for other populations with comparable living conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Population studies ; Physical fitness ; Demographic and somatometric data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A total of 3762 subjects of both sexes, natives of Czechoslovakia, ranging in age from 12–55 years, were examined. Both anamnestic data and selected anthropometric variables were evaluated. The proportion of non-smokers for adult males was 47–56%, and for adult females was 54–74% of the population. The proportion of subjects not engaged in any type of physical activity decreases in boys between 12 and 18 years from 28 to 16%, in girls between 12 and 15 years from 25 to 22%; from then on the trend reverses and the percentage rises up to 42% in men and 65% in women. The number of subjects participating in competitive sporting activity reaches its peak at 18 years, when 46% of boys and 43% of girls compete, but than decreases quickly. 12 year old girls are taller and heavier than boys but at 15 years the relationship is reversed. The LBM at the age of 12 is equal in boys and girls, but from then till 18 years the increase is larger in boys. The LBM weight in adults remains steady, women attaining 77% of the value found in men. The skinfold increases with age similarly in both sexes, except for an interval between 12 and 18 years, when girls show a steeper increase. Adult women attain 121–160% of the values characteristic for men. The grip strength of the right hand equals about 50 kp in adult men and 30 kp in adult women. Within the age range followed, it remains unaffected by age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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