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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fatigue tolerant design of steel components based on the size of large inclusions (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fatigue failures in high strength steel components often originate from large, brittle inclusions. The durability of the components is strongly dependent on the size of the inclusions and the magnitude of the local stresses caused by the applied loads. A successful design must consider both the size and the number of large inclusions as well as the stress distribution arising from the geometry and loading of the component. This paper presents a new approach to the safe fatigue design of steel components based on the size distribution of large inclusions in a component with a given stress distribution. The procedure is illustrated using the example of the stress distribution around a hole in a plate, with the size of large inclusions in a large volume of steel estimated by the Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) method. It is found that the single largest inclusion is unlikely to lie in a highly stressed volume, but that the more frequently occurring slightly smaller inclusions contribute more to the probability of a fatigue failure. Knowledge of the shape of the size distribution over a range of large sizes, not solely that of the largest size, is therefore essential. The new approach offers a quantitative measure of the improvement in durability to be expected from reduction of the design stress range of a component and from improvements in steel cleanness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2695.2002.00523.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The kinetics of softening processes during hot working of austenite (1985)
    Springer
    Czechoslovak journal of physics 35 (1985), S. 239-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9486
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Modelling the microstructural changes and working forces during industrial hot working operations provides a powerful method of understanding and optimizing the interactions of material and process variables. It relies on the availability of basic quantitative relationships to describe the microstructure and flow stress in terms of the engineering variables. This paper briefly considers relationships which describe stress-strain characteristics and then concentrates on the relationships which describe the kinetics of static recrystallization and the resulting grain sizes. The empirical forms of equations for C-Mn steel are considered in detail in terms of the mechanisms involved. The important role of grain boundaries is emphasized and deficiencies in understanding of the basic mechanisms are pointed out. Despite these deficiencies, computed results for industrial hot rolling are in good agreement with observation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605090
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of particle size, volume fraction, and foil thickness from electron microscopic observations (1967)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 2 (1967), S. 521-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of images produced by thin foils containing dispersed spherical particles is developed for the case when particles which intersect the foil surface remain unattacked during thinning. Identification of these particles is shown to allow quantitative assessment of the second phase and the foil thickness. The model is tested and experimental techniques for labelling surface particles are discussed with reference to data on aged Mg/0.67 wt % Mn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00752218
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extrusion and mechanical properties of mixed powder and spray co-deposited Al 2014/SiC metal matrix composites (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 27 (1992), S. 2101-2109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Al 2014/SiCp metal matrix composites have been produced by a powder metallurgy route that included mixing, canning, degassing and hot extrusion (300°C, 16∶1). Two types of SiC (12 and 4 μm), two SiC contents (∼ 10 vol. % and ∼ 15 vol. %) and three different degassing temperatures (350, 400, 500 °C) were used. The degassing temperature was found to have no significant effect on the final properties, which were affected by remnant porosity. Porosity was mostly attributed to SiC clustering, which was related to the relative reinforcement/ aluminium powder size distributions and volume fractions. The best mechanical properties were obtained for the composite with ∼ 10 vol. % SiCp and these were very similar to the properties of a spray co-deposited metal matrix composite billet of approximately the same composition, also extruded at 300 °C, 16∶1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01117923
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DO22 to L12 transition in intermetallic systems (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 27 (1992), S. 2001-2004 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ternary additions of metals such as chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc to tetragonal (DO22) Al3Ti are known to lead to stabilization of the cubic (L12) structure. This DO22 to L12 transition has been studied in the Al-Ti-Ni system using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that nickel substitution has no significant effect on the lattice parameter (and therefore on the tetragonality) of the DO22 phase and that the solid solubility of nickel in the DO22 phase is very limited. The L12 phase precipitates out on addition of nickel to Al3Ti, its amount increasing with increasing nickel content of the alloy. The compositions of the DO22 and L12 phases do not change significantly with the alloy composition. These results are discussed in terms of theories of structural transitions in ordered alloys. Similar transitions have been reported in transition metal-based systems. An analysis of the transition in intermetallic systems is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01117910
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure and properties of spray formed cold rolling mill work roll steels (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 33 (1998), S. 3233-3244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A study of the effect of spray casting on the microstructure and properties of cold rolling mill work roll steels has been undertaken. Industry standard qualities have been spray formed and a comparison of the resulting properties and microstructures has been made with those of the conventionally processed counterparts. The influence of process variables on the spray formed product has also been investigated. The results indicate that cold mill work roll steels which have comparable properties and structures to conventionally cast and forged products can be produced successfully in a single processing step. Furthermore, a high integrity metallurgical bond between the deposit and the substrate can be achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013260608214
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative assessment of extraction replicas for particle analysis (1968)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 3 (1968), S. 127-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The errors that may arise from the use of extraction replicas for quantitative measurements of particle-size, density, and volume fraction are considered. It is shown that shadowing the specimen surface before replication allows assessment of the sources of error. Serious errors arise in all particle parameters if sectioned particles are extracted, but irregularities in the matrix surface lead only to systematic errors in particle density and volume fraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00585479
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of spray forming on the microstructure and properties of a high chromium white cast iron (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 34 (1999), S. 2291-2301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of spray forming on the structure and properties of a 17% Cr, 2.5% C white cast iron is described and compared with conventionally cast material of the same composition. Spray forming resulted in a substantial reduction in microstructural scale (eutectic (Cr,Fe)7C3 fields of up to 500 μm in conventionally cast material were replaced by discrete carbides of typically 2–8 μm diameter in the spray cast deposit). Carbide size varied as a function of position in the spray deposit, being approximately twice the size at mid section compared with either surface or interface with the collector. Carbide size was not altered by the gas to metal ratio used to atomise the spray. Spray forming increased transverse rupture stress and work of fracture by ∼50% compared with the conventionally cast material. Forging of the spray formed material was possible at ∼950°C, without inducing carbide fracture or void formation in the matrix. Quenching into iced water from 300°C induced extensive macroscopic cracking in the conventionally cast material whereas 400°C was required in the spray cast material to induce similar damage. The relationship between processing, microstructure and mechanical properties is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004573524282
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of transmission electron microscopy and optical microstructures in Al–1% Mg after plane strain compression (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 32 (1997), S. 4591-4594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Modelling the microstructural evolution of aluminium alloys during hot rolling operations is becoming increasingly dependent on accurate measurements of the deformed microstructure using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. In this paper, an experimental technique which directly compares the microstructure observed in thin foils with that observed using light microscopy is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018681519849
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spray deposition of an iron aluminide (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 33 (1998), S. 4417-4421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract High velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) spray forming of an iron aluminide [Fe–12.5 Al–2.93 Ni–0.02 B (wt%), containing 300 p.p.m. oxygen], followed by heat treatment for 24 h at 500°C, 18 h at 600°C and 20 min at 800°C, and multipass hot rolling at 800°C has been studied. Three different thicknesses (0.43, 0.93 and 1.33 mm) of sprayed deposit were produced by spraying for different times (approximately 10, 20 and 30 min). The spray-deposited layers exhibited some oxide and some porosity. This porosity was reduced by heat treatment. The as deposited layer had a high degree of B2 order, and a B2 antiphase domain size of 4.5 nm. On hot rolling this material to a reduction of 38%, it was found to be more susceptible to edge cracking than similar material processed by an ingot–extrusion–hot rolling route. In heat treatment, the aluminide-sprayed layer formed a non-protective Fe2O3 oxide, rather than the usual Al2O3 that forms on the binary alloy. This is attributable to the Ni content of the iron aluminide powder employed. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004424913511
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