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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vaccinia virus expression and sequence of an avian influenza nucleoprotein gene: potential use in diagnosis (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 113 (1990), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nucleoprotein (NP) gene from avian influenza strain A/Shearwater/Aust/1/72 (H6N5) was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in vaccinia virus for the production of potent sera in immunised rabbits. The NP gene is 1565 bp and shares 〉95% amino acid sequence identity with other NPs of the avian subtype. The recombinant NP expressed by vaccinia virus comigrated with endogenous A/Shearwater/Aust/1/72 NP by Western blot analysis. Polyclonal rabbit sera raised against recombinant NP was evaluated in an antigen capture ELISA system as a potential diagnostic tool for the detection of avian influenza. All type A strains, comprising several HA and NA subtypes, but not type B nor other avian viruses, were detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01318362
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of equine morbillivirus (EMV) matrix and fusion proteins and their evaluation as diagnostic reagents (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 142 (1997), S. 2269-2279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  Full-length cDNA clones coding for the matrix (M) and fusion (F) proteins of equine morbillivirus (EMV) were isolated by RT-PCR, and expressed in Escherichia coli using two different expression systems. Western blot analysis indicated that the M and F proteins, expressed either by itself or as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST), were insoluble and degraded after expression. Analysis of the degradation pattern of recombinant M protein suggested that the N-terminus of the matrix protein might be more stable and antigenic than the C-terminal region. Therefore a third system was used to express a truncated M protein, composed of the N-terminal amino acid residues 1–197, with a (His)6-tag attached at the N-terminus. This recombinant protein [(His)6-Mtr], was stable but was also insoluble. After one-step affinity purification under denaturing conditions, (His)6-Mtr was used to monitor the antibody response to EMV infection by Western blot and ELISA. We obtained a 100% correlation between Western blot and virus neutralisation testing although the number of positive sera available for testing was very limited, which included seven horse, two rabbit and one human sera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050241
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rainwater composition and acid deposition in the vicinity of fossil fuel-fired power plants in Southern Australia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2313-2318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Daily wet-only rainwater composition was determined at four sites in the Latrobe Valley, Victoria, between February 1990 and February 1992. The Latrobe Valley sits on vast resources of easily mined brown coal which at the time of the study fuelled five coal burning power plants of 5150 MW total installed capacity. A sixth gas-fired station of 400 MW capacity is also located in the Valley. Strong preference for down-valley westerly winds on raindays coupled with location of the four rainwater samplers along the central Line of the Valley provided an ideal gradation in source-receptor relationships: from the westerly location of Site 1, upwind of all power stations, to Site 2 in the centre of the Valley, upwind of half the emissions sources, to Sites 3 and 4 at the eastern end of the Valley, downwind of all the power plants. Despite the ideal geographic layout the two years of wet deposition data exhibited no clear signal attributable to the power station emissions of sulfur and nitrogen, apparently because raindays in the Latrobe Valley are most often the product of frontal activity accompanied by high wind speeds, leading to high ventilation rates. The resultant wet deposition rates for sulfate and nitrate were in the ranges 7.0 to 14.5 and 3.1 to 4.7 meq m−2 y−1, values that are low in comparison with values observed in populated mid-latitude regions of the northern hemisphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186179
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thymol as a Biocide in Japanese Rainwater (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 30 (1998), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: rainwater composition ; rainwater chemistry ; organic acids ; biocide ; sample preservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Rainwater samples (wet-only; event samples) collected in Niigata in late autumn 1996 and springtime 1997 were used to assess the effectiveness of thymol as a biocide in Japanese rainwater. Upon collection each rainwater sample was divided into sub-samples, with thymol added to one sub-sample. Sub-samples with and without thymol were shipped to CSIRO, Australia, for chemical analysis. Comparison of analytical results for each pair of sub-samples proved the effectiveness of thymol in preventing biological action in this region where effects of rainwater microflaura and fauna on rainwater composition have not before been studied. Sub-samples without thymol exhibited lowered electrical conductivity, loss of the cations H+ and NH 4 - , and loss of the anions HCOO-, CH3COO-, C2O 4 2- , CH3SO 3 - and PO 4 3- . Nitrate showed no change in all but one of the samples, indicating that ammonia was the preferred source of nitrogen for the biological processes that consumed the rainwater organic acids and phosphate. These results suggest that thymol is a suitable rainwater biocide for use under Japanese conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006068415125
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen in West Java (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2083-2088 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Wet-only rainwater composition on a weekly basis was determined at four sites in West Java, Indonesia, from June 1991 to June 1992. Three sites were near the extreme western end of Java, surrounding a coal-fired power station at Suralaya. The fourth site was ∼100 km to the east in the Indonesian capital, Jakarta. Over the 12 months study period wet deposition of sulfate at the three western sites varied between 32–46 meq m−2 while nitrate varied between 10–14 meq m−2. Wet deposition at the Jakarta site was systematically higher, at 56 meq m−2 for sulfate and 20 meq m−2 for nitrate. Since sulfate and nitrate wet deposition fluxes in the nearby and relatively unpopulated regions of tropical Australia are both only ∼5 meq m−2 anthropogenic emissions of S and N apparently cause significant atmospheric acidification in Java. It is possible that total acid deposition fluxes (of S and N) in parts of Java are comparable with those responsible for environmental degradation in acid-sensitive parts of Europe and North America.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186141
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deposition of acidic species at a rural location in New South Wales, Australia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2089-2094 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Wet-only rainwater composition on a daily basis, and atmospheric SO2 and NO2 concentrations on a monthly basis have been measured over a two year period at four sites ∼100 km to the west of Sydney. Bulk aerosol composition on a monthly basis was also measured at one site. The study region is predominantly rural in character, but contains two coal-fired thermal power stations with a total installed capacity of 2320 MW, as well as several min or population centres, including a small city, with a total population of about 21,000. The measurement sites were located roughly on the perimeter of a circle of about 20 km radius having the power stations at its centre. Three of the sites were situated in rural settings, while the fourth was located on the outskirts of the small city of Lithgow. Atmospheric acid loadings at all sites were low by the standards usually associated with industrialised regions of Europe and North America, with about one third of rainwater total acidity provided by organic acids (formic, acetic and oxalic). At the three rural sites, total inorganic acid deposition, comprising measured wet deposition plus inferred dry deposition of acidic S and N species, averaged about 30 meq m−2 y−1, a low figure by most standards. At the site located near the city of Lithgow total deposition of acidic S and N species averaged about 80 meq m−2 y−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186142
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concentrations of Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Gas and Rainwater from Six Sites in Indonesia (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; Indonesia ; rainwater chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Gas mixing ratios of SO2, NO2 and HNO3 and nitrate and sulfate concentrations in rainwater have beenmeasured at six sites in Indonesia. The sites, Jakarta, Serang,Cilegon, Merak and Bogor, in Java, and Bukit Koto Tabang inSumatra, provide a range of pollution regimes in Indonesia.Jakarta and Bogor are heavily polluted sites in Java, whereasBukit Koto Tabang is a clean air station in a relativelyunpopulated area on the west coast of equatorial Sumatra. At thesesites rainwater was collected daily and gas samples weeklyduring 1996. The other three sites Serang, Cilegon and Merakrepresent smaller regional towns in west Java. At these sitesrainwater samples were collected weekly from June 1991 untilJune 1992.The results show that Jakarta has the highest volume-weightedmean sulfate concentrations in rainwater while the lowest weremeasured at Bukit Koto Tabang. Volume-weighted mean nitrateconcentration was about 24 μeq L-1 at Jakarta and Bogor,significantly higher than the 0.8 μeq L-1 measured atBukit Koto Tabang.Sulfur dioxide mixing ratios ranged from 4–7 ppbv in Jakarta toan average of 1.3 ppbv at Bukit Koto Tabang. Nitrogen dioxidemixing ratio was highest in Jakarta averaging 28 ppbv comparedwith the background mixing ratio of 1.2 ppbv at Bukit KotoTabang. Using dry deposition velocities estimated during aseparate study in the similar conditions of Malaysia enabled drydeposition estimates of SO2, HNO3 and NO2.Results of estimated total acidic S and N deposition (wet anddry) were greater than 250 meq m-2 yr-1 at the Jakartaand Bogor sites compared with about 23 meq m-2 yr-1 atBukit Koto Tabang. At Jakarta and Bogor dry deposition accountedfor more than 50% of the total deposition estimates compared with about 20% at Bukit Koto Tabang. Such deposition rates arehigh when compared to critical loads estimated for Indonesia bythe RAINS-Asia model. In this model, critical loads in western Java and equatorial western Sumatra fall into one of twoclasses: 50–100 and 20–50 meq m-2 yr-1. Thus acidic deposition flux at Jakarta and Bogor wasfound to be above the predicted critical loads even for the moreacid insensitive soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005223124903
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