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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An x-ray diffraction study of lattice imperfections in cold-worked face-centered-cubic alloys. VI. Copper-aluminum (α phase) (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 62 (1987), S. 1521-1523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Following earlier approaches in this series of work, detailed x-ray peak-shift, peak-asymmetry, and peak-broadening analyses have been performed on the x-ray diffraction line profiles obtained from cold-worked filings of five compositions of Cu-Al alloys in the fcc phase, namely, Cu-3.7, 6.7, 12.3, 14.9, and 18.4 at. % Al. The analysis reveals an increased presence of stacking faults of an intrinsic nature, primarily responsible for the observed peak shift and domain size peak broadening. A very small presence of extrinsic stacking faults accounts for the observed asymmetry in the profiles, and the twin faults are nearly absent. The effective particle sizes decrease and microstrains increase with increasing solute concentration, and these are anisotropic in nature. An estimation of dislocation density ρ and stacking fault energy γ for the alloys was also made which tends to predict a reasonably good value of γ0 (27 mJ/m2) for pure copper. Annealing experiments on three alloys with an increased concentration of solute Al do not clearly reveal any detectable evidence of solute segregation at the stacking faults, as in the earlier case with fcc Ag-Al.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.339616
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructural investigation of plastically deformed Pb(1−x)Snx alloys: an X-ray profile-fitting approach (1999)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 32 (1999), S. 1060-1068 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A detailed X-ray line-profile analysis is presented on five compositions of Pb–Sn alloys in the face-centred cubic (f.c.c.) α phase. Analysis has been performed within the framework of the Warren–Averbach method and the Williamson–Hall method through a profile-fitting algorithm assuming a pseudo-Voigt (pV) profile shape function convoluted with an asymmetric function. The effect of cold-working on the alloys is analysed in terms of defect-related parameters and defect distribution. The alloys decompose beyond the composition Pb–13.2 at.% Sn. Cold-working produces very weak structural broadening in Pb–Sn alloys, along with negligible incidence of deformation-fault probability. However, the presence of the Sn-rich β phase enhances the fault probability. The plot of \ln \langle \varepsilon^2\rangle^{1/2} versus \ln L is a straight line and the slope is around −0.26 to −0.43, indicating that the strain-broadened profile is intermediate between a Gaussian and a Lorentzian profile. The origin of the `hook' effect in the size Fourier plot is attributed to non-Gaussian strain distribution or strain gradients in the diffracting columns. The effect of recovery is noticeable and is probably due to polygonization. Furthermore, the rate of recovery is greater in Pb–Sn alloys compared to Pb–Sb alloys for identical solute concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889899010286
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of bis(amidinothiourea)palladium chloride (1990)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 2065-2068 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270190002050
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An X-ray determination of the thermal expansion of silver and copper-base alloys at higher temperatures. III. Ag–Ge and Cu–Ge (1978)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 34 (1978), S. 140-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: X-ray measurements of the lattice spacings in three Ag-Ge alloys in the temperature interval 30-595°C and in two Cu-Ge alloys in the temperature interval 25-611°C, in the solid-solution range, have been made with a Unicam 19 cm high-temperature camera. The measured lattice spacings have been found to increase non-linearly with temperature, this non-linearity being slightly enhanced for Cu-9.25 at.% Ge alloy. The dependence of the measured lattice spacings on temperature has been expressed in an analytical form (polynomial of second degree) from least-squares fitting of the data. The thermal expansion coefficient, α, for the alloys considered, in general, has been found to decrease linearly with increasing temperature (from ∼25 to ∼17 × 10-6°C-1), except for the greater germanium concentration (9.25 at.%) in copper solvent where the tendency is reversed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739478000273
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An X-ray determination of the thermal expansion of α-phase Ag–Ga alloys at high temperatures (1974)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 30 (1974), S. 844-845 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The lattice parameters of four Ag-Ga alloys in the solid-solution range have been determined by X-ray methods in the temperature interval of 26-522°C using a Unicam 19 cm high-temperature powder camera. In all the cases the lattice parameters have been found to increase in a non-linear manner in the measured range of temperature and the relationship has been expressed in analytical form from the least-squares fitting of data. The linear thermal expansion coefficients have, however, been found to decrease with increasing temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739474001951
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the occurrence of extrinsic stacking faults in some copper-base and silver-base alloys (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 410-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The earlier X-ray data of stacking-fault probabilities in some cold-worked Cu-base and Ag-base alloys have been reanalysed to detect the presence of extrinsic faults. Results indicate that these are present in the alloys having higher solute content. The probability of their occurrence increases with the increase of the valency of the solutes and with the increase of intrinsic faults and decrease of twin faults. However, in certain cases, the measured twin-fault probabilities not only decrease, but become unreasonably large and negative. The observations are in accordance with recent findings on the occurrence of extrinsic faults in cold-worked face-centred cubic alloys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188987000657X
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinations of particle size and strain in hexagonal (β-phase) silver–antimony alloys by the method of variance (1973)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 6 (1973), S. 237-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The method of variance has been applied to some cold-worked hexagonal (β-phase) silver–antimony alloys to determine the particle size and strain values, and the values thus obtained have been compared with those from Fourier analysis of line shapes. Assuming small anisotropy, the agreement in the particle size and strain values has been found to be quite satisfactory. The low values of the effective particle sizes obtained from variance analysis along the faulted planes 101, 102 and 103 clearly indicate the influence of stacking faults which has been found to decrease with increasing solute content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889873008538
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructural transformation of vanadium pentoxide powder obtained by high-energy vibrational ball-milling (2001)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 34 (2001), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An X-ray powder profile analysis of vanadium pentoxide powder milled in a high-energy vibrational ball-mill is presented. The strain- and size-induced broadening of the Bragg reflection for two different crystallographic directions ([001] and [100]) were determined by Warren–Averbach (WA) analysis, using a pattern-decomposition method assuming a pseudo-Voigt function. The deformation process causes a decrease in the domain size, and a near isotropic saturation value of ∼10 nm is reached after severe milling. The initial stages of milling produce a propensity for size broadening, whereas, with increasing milling time, microstrain broadening is predominant. WA analysis indicated significant plastic strain along with spatial confinement of the internal strain fields, probably in the crystallite interfaces. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a drastic change in particle shape after 64 h of milling, indicating the existence of size anisotropy which, however, decreased with further increase of the milling time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889801004009
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fixation of Nitrogen by the Rice Plant (1959)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 184 (1959), S. 2033-2034 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Rice seedlings (Aman variety) were grown in a nutrient solution, which was replaced weekly, and contained in series of 2-5-1. wide mouth culture bottles wrapped completely with black flint paper to prevent algal growth. Nutrient solution was of the following composition : Stock solution 1 6-8% ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1842033a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluations of particle size and strain values from X-ray line breadths and line shapes in α-AgCd alloys (1966)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 21 (1966), S. 820-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-5520
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0365110X66003906
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