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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Potential for Application of Individual-Based Simulation Models for Assessing the Effects of Global Change* (1992)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 23 (1992), S. 15-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.000311
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental Factors and Ecological Processes in Boreal Forests (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 20 (1989), S. 1-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.000245
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon dioxide increase: the implications at the ecosystem level (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 8 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Possible effects of increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2 on forest ecosystems are discussed and as an example a simulation case study using a set of mixed-age and mixed-species forest stand models is presented. The responses of the models to a simple scenario (uniform growth increase of all trees as a response to CO2 enrichment) include increases in biomass that are considerably less than the increases in growth rate of the trees. These simulations and more general discussion of the possible effects of increased photosynthetic production identify the problem of scaling-up small time-scale and space-scale measurements of plant responses to CO2 enrichment to the ecosystem level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1985.tb01673.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The SAFARI 2000 – Kalahari Transect Wet Season Campaign of year 2000 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Over 50 scientists from eight different countries coordinated research efforts in the Kalahari sand mass in Zambia and Botswana during the 2000 wet season as a part of the Southern African Regional Science Initiative – Kalahari Transect Wet Season Campaign (S2K-KT Wet Season Campaign). The work focused on change in ecological processes along the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme-designated Kalahari Transect (KT). Topics included ecosystem structure, function, biogeochemistry, and modeling at the patch, landscape and regional scale. The KT of southern and central Africa follows a sharp precipitation gradient within an otherwise climatically and geographically similar region that contains a widely distributed, physically uniform soil and relatively little variation in elevation. This paper outlines the focus of the SAFARI 2000 research campaign as it relates to this study area and provides references to archived data sets generated during the study. It also describes vegetation patterns, climate, and 2000 wet season meteorological conditions for the region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00732.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convective cloud downdrafts as the cause of large blowdowns in the Amazon rainforest (1998)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 67 (1998), S. 199-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Nelson et al. (1994) report a non-uniform distribution of large (0.33 to 33 km2) blowdowns in the rainforests of Amazonia. Occurrence of such large disturbances in the wet, low wind speed regime of the Amazon Basin cannot be explained by conventional mechanisms such as fire or hurricanes. While downdrafts from deep convective clouds are likely candidates, this paper draws upon meteorological observations from the central Amazon Basin to show that the requisite magnitudes of wind speed can be reached but only under conditions which would explain the observed horizontal distributions of the large blowdowns. Outflow velocities due to density driven downdrafts in the convective clouds are shown from observations to reach 15 m/s and correspond to the propagation velocities of longlived Amazon squall lines. Maintenance over 48 h of these squall lines depends upon the correspondence between the outflow velocity and the propagation velocity. The storms propagate within a basic current moving at 5 m/s, increasing the outflow velocities to 21 m/s. The development of a storm-generated pressure field must be called upon to increase the magnitude of the density and basic currents to more than 30 m/s. Such conditions occur only when the convection is embedded in squall lines which reach their diurnal maximum at locations nearly coincident with the observed locations of the maxima in large blowdowns. The characteristics of the observed blowdowns in terms of orientation, size and shape are consistent with winds derived from the postulated downward moving density currents being deflected and accelerated orthogonally at canopy top and forest floor. The causes and distribution of large blowdowns in the wet, low wind regime of the Amazon rainforest are shown to be important in explaining the disturbance regime of that system. Such disturbances are necessary in maintaining diversity of the system by locally disrupting the canopy, altering levels of incident radiation received at the surface and changing patterns of nutrient cycling, carbon uptake and storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01277510
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OUTENIQUA — A computer model to simulate succession in the mixed evergreen forests of the southern Cape, South Africa (1989)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 2 (1989), S. 255-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: South Africa ; mixed evergreen forests ; succession ; simulation model ; landscape ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A succession model for mixed evergreen forests of the southern Cape, South Africa, called OUTENIQUA, was developed based on one for subtropical rain forest in New South Wales, Australia. The model simulates the regeneration, growth and mortality on a 0.04 ha plot using an individual-tree based modeling approach to forest succession. The OUTENIQUA model was tested on its ability to simulate species dynamics of the forest stand used for its development, as well as on independent data from a neighboring stand and not used for the model derivation. The model is used as a research tool to summarize published and unpublished knowledge on the southern Cape forests and to highlight aspects where knowledge is insufficient. The development of the model represents a test of an individual-tree gap model as a simulation tool for use in management and directing research in subtropical and tropical forests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00125095
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The transient response of terrestrial carbon storage to a perturbed climate (1993)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 361 (1993), S. 523-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Several estimates have been made for the carbon reserves of the terrestrial surface5'6. These estimates are obtained by classifying the vegetation and soils, and then multiplying area estimates for each classification category by the carbon con-centration of soil and vegetation in research sites ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/361523a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of forest patch models and their application to global change research (1996)
    Springer
    Climatic change 34 (1996), S. 131-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224626
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The potential response of global terrestrial carbon storage to a climate change (1993)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 70 (1993), S. 629-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An analysis is undertaken to examine the potential impacts of a global climate change on patterns of potential terrestrial C storage and resulting fluxes between terrestrial and atmospheric pools. A bioclimatic model relating the current distribution of vegetation to global climate patterns is used to examine the potential impacts of a global climate change on the global distribution of vegetation. Climate change scenarios are based on the predictions of two general circulation model equilibrium simulations for a 2XCO2 atmosphere. Current estimates of C reserves in the vegetation types and associated soils are then used to calculate changes in potential terrestrial C storage under the two climate change scenarios. Results suggest a potential negative feedback to increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2, with the potential for terrestrial C storage increasing under both scenarios. These results represent an equilibrium analysis, assuming the vegetation and soils have tracked the spatial changes in climate patterns. An approach for providing an estimate of the transient response between the two equilibria (i.e., current and 2XCO2 climates) is presented. The spatial transitions in vegetation predicted by the equilibrium analyses are classified as to the processes controlling the transition (eg., succession, dieback, species immigration). Estimates of the transfer rates related to these processes are then used to estimate the temporal dynamics of the vegetation/soils change and the associated C pools. Results suggest that although the equilibrium analyses show an increased potential for C storage under the climate change, in the transient case the terrestrial surface acts as a source of CO2 over the first 50 to 100 yrs following climate change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01105026
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ordination of simulated complex forest succession: A new test of ordination methods (1983)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 51 (1983), S. 141-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Correlation matrix ; Dispersion matrix ; Forest model ; Hierarchical structure ; Ordination ; Principal components analysis ; Simulation ; Succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model of a 1/12th ha forest stand, FORET, generated 10 000 years of simulated species succession. Approximately the first third of these results were analyzed by principal component analysis as if they were collected field data to give the trajectory of the community particle in a collapsed species space. The ordination axis orientation was performed on a dispersion matrix and correlation matrix between species. In both cases, however, the eigen vectors were applied to the data matrix which had not been transformed to unit species variance. This facilitated comparison of species dispersion and correlation structure; it emerged they were very different. Correlation structure gave large weights to understory species while dispersion emphasized the dominant overstory species. This implies a decomposition of simulated stand behavior into overstory and understory, even though such decomposition was not formally built into the model. This decomposition would seem to pertain to real vegetation. Principal component analysis was able to express insightful differences between data structure with and without the unit variance transformation implicit in the correlation matrix. This flexibility of the ordination method proved valuable in uncovering unsuspected ordering principles in the model. Complex simulated data allow the ordination technique to demonstrate its capacity to generate new hypotheses, which hypotheses can then be simply validated by a return to the structure of the model but with the hindsight of the analysis. The generation of new hypotheses is not possible if the simulation is of a simple coenocline; on the other hand, ordination of test field data does not allow the simple validation of new hypotheses, for in the field there is not a defined algorithm to which the researcher can return.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129433
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