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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Is the composition of soil organic matter changed by adding compost? To find out we incubated biowaste composts with agricultural soils and a humus-free mineral substrate at 5°C and 14°C for 18 months and examined the products. Organic matter composition was characterized by CuO oxidation of lignin, hydrolysis of cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides (CPS and NCPS) and 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS 13C-NMR) spectroscopy. The lignin contents in the compost-amended soils increased because the composts contained more lignin, which altered little even after prolonged decomposition of the composts in soil. A pronounced decrease in lignin occurred in the soils amended with mature compost only. Polysaccharide C accounted for 14–20% of the organic carbon at the beginning of the experiment for both the compost-amended soils and the controls. During the incubation, the relative contents of total polysaccharides decreased for 9–20% (controls) and for 20–49% (compost-amended soils). They contributed preferentially to the decomposition as compared with the bulk soil organic matter, that decreased between 〈 2% and 20%. In the compost-amended agricultural soils, cellulosic polysaccharides were decomposed in preference to non-cellulosic ones. The NMR spectra of the compost-amended soils had more intense signals of O–alkyl and aromatic C than did those of the controls. Incubation for 18 months resulted mainly in a decline of O–alkyl C for all soils. The composition of the soil organic matter after compost amendment changed mainly by increases in the lignin and aromatic C of the composts, and compost-derived polysaccharides were mineralized preferentially. The results suggest that decomposition of the added composts in soil is as an ongoing humification process of the composts themselves. The different soil materials affected the changes in soil organic matter composition to only a minor degree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Labour Economics 1 (1994), S. 391-395 
    ISSN: 0927-5371
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 112 (1992), S. 88-90 
    ISSN: 0304-8853
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 50 (2000), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Calamus zollingeri ; interactions ; shaded perennials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the intercropping of rattan, an important non-timber forest product, in coffee and cacao agroforests in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The viability of producing seedlings from seeds and vegetative cuttings with the large-diameter rattan, Calamus zollingeri Beccari, and initial seedling survival, growth and response to light and soil drainage were investigated in village nurseries and perennial farms. Over 96% of seeds and 61% of vegetative cuttings were raised to transplanting size (25 cm with two to three leaves) over 20 months. One hundred C. zollingeri seedlings produced from cuttings were transplanted into each of three coffee or cacao farms and one primary forest site and exhibited an overall survival rate of 96%, 12.7 cm of height growth and the production of 0.8 new leaves per plant after eight months. No significant differences were observed between the four sites with respect to seedling survival, growth, or leaf production and no significant differences were found between seedling survival, growth or leaf production and light intensity (based on multiple PAR measurements). However, poorly drained sites exhibited significantly reduced C. zollingeri seedling survival and growth. The cultivation of C. zollingeri rattan in coffee and cacao agroforests represents a potential means of intensifying and diversifying perennial cash crop farming systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 25-36 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Case hardening of stainless bearings and tools using nitrogenCase hardening of low alloy steels is widely used for bearings, tools, gear wheels etc. Carburizing of high alloy stainless steels, however, leads to the precipitation of carbides and lowers the corrosion resistance. This may be avoided by case hardening with nitrogen instead of carbon. Dissolved nitrogen increases the hardness, the corrosion resistance and the compressive residual stresses of the martensitic case. Secondary hardening during tempering allows for service temperatures up to about 350°C with only little loss of corrosion resistance. The new heat treatment, which is quite different from nitriding, may be applied e. g. to advanced bearings for aircraft or tools for processing aggressive polymers.
    Notes: Das Einsatzhärten niedriglegierter Stähle findet breite Anwendung für Wälzlager, Werkzeuge, Getrieberäder usw. Bei hochlegierten nichtrostenden Stählen führt das Randaufkohlen jedoch zur Karbidausscheidung und verringert die Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Das kann durch das Einsatzhärten mit Stickstoff anstelle von Kohlenstoff vermieden werden. Gelöster Stickstoff erhöht die Härte, die Korrosionsbeständigkeit und die Druckeigenspannung der Randschicht. Nach dem Anlassen im Sekundärhärtebereich werden Betriebstemperaturen bis ungefähr 350°C ertragen bei nur geringem Verlust an Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Das neue Wärmebehandlungsverfahren, bestehend aus Randaufsticken und Härten, unterscheidet sich deutlich vom Nitrieren. Anwendungsgebiete sind z. B. Hochleistungslager für Flugzeuge oder Werkzeuge zur Verarbeitung aggressiver Polymere.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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