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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sleeplessness in acute and chronic schizophrenia — Response to haloperidol and anti-Parkinsonism agents (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 29 (1973), S. 21-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Sleeplessness ; Arousal ; Haloperidol ; Anti-Parkinsonism Drugs ; Trihexyphenidyl ; Benztropine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten acute and seven chronic schizophrenics were longitudinally investigated in two separate double-blind studies. In both studies, after a ‘washout and settling in’ period of two or more weeks, the patients were placed on placebo for about a month and then on individualized dosages of haloperidol for four months. During the haloperidol periods, the acute patients received two three-week courses of benztropine and the chronic patients, a single two-week course of trihexyphenidyl. The anti-Parkinsonism drugs were given non-blind. Nine times every night, the patients were rated for sleeplessness, and once every week they were rated for psychopathology. The results indicated that marked, predominantly early night sleeplessness was present in the patients studied. The acute subjects were more sleepless than the chronics but the pattern of sleeplessness was similar. The degree of sleeplessness seemed related to total psychopathology, hallucinations and thought disorder. No relationship was found with affective symptoms. Haloperidol reduced sleeplessness promptly and had the effect of normalizing sleep in these patients. Concurrently used anti-Parkinsonism medication seemed to have the opposite effect in chronic patients. These data did not support the notion that haloperidol was a “stimulating” neuroleptic, and the general distinction made between “activating” and “sedative” neuroleptics was questioned. It was suggested that the “stimulating” effect noticed with some neuroleptics may be attributable to the anti-Parkinsonism drugs often used with them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421208
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study of haloperidol and chlorpromazine in terms of clinical effects and therapeutic reversal with benztropine in schizophrenia. Theoretical implications for potency differences among neuroleptics (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 43 (1975), S. 103-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Psychopharmacology ; Haloperidol ; Chlorpromazine ; Anti-Parkinsonism Drugs ; Benztropine ; Drug Interactions ; Anticholinergic Effects ; Neuroleptic Potency ; “Sedative” Neuroleptic ; “Activating” Neuroleptic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a double-blind, cross-over study, the comparative therapeutic effects of 6-week courses of two prototypic neuroleptics — haloperidol and chlorpromazine — and the reversal of those effects with benztropine were investigated in a group of 18 schizophrenics. Periodic measurements were made for 32 dimensions of psychopathology, social participation, span of attention, sleeplessness, pulse rate and neurological side effects. The results showed that haloperidol was generally a more effective drug over the period studied. This was particularly apparent in terms of social and emotional responsiveness, communicativeness and cognitive processes. The only superiority of chlorpromazine seemed to be that patients felt less dysphoric on it than they did on haloperidol. Haloperidol also proved to be more rapid in its action. The data failed to support the clinical validity of the distinction often made between “sedative” and “activating” neuroleptics. Consistent with previous reports, benztropine had the effect of diminishing therapeutic response to both neuroleptics. However, haloperidol again proved less susceptible to this effect. The slowness and lesser therapeutic efficiency of chlorpromazine and its greater susceptibility to benztropine reversal were all considered to be due to its built-in anticholinergic properties acting in opposition to its antipsychotic activity. The low potency of chlorpromazine-like drugs was attributed to their inherent anticholinergic characteristics. It was suggested that one of the factors determining potency differences among neuroleptics may be the degree of built-in anticholinergic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421012
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A longitudinal therapeutic comparison between two prototypic neuroleptics (haloperidol and chlorpromazine) in matched groups of schizophrenics. Nontherapeutic interactions with trihexyphenidyl. Theoretical implications for potency differences (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 43 (1975), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Psychopharmacology ; Haloperidol ; Chlorpromazine ; Anti-Parkinsonism Drugs ; Trihexyphenidyl ; Drug Interactions ; Anticholinergic Effects ; Neuroleptic Potency ; “Sedative” Neuroleptics ; “Activating” Neuroleptics ; Mode of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The treatment process with two prototypic neuroleptics — haloperidol and chlorpromazine— and the nontherapeutic effects of trihexyphenidyl on this process were studied in carefully matched groups of ten schizophrenics each, using a “double-blind”, repeated-measure, longitudinal research design. Measurements of various aspects of psychopathology, social participation and clinical indices of arousal were made periodically and objective tests of cognition and attention were given. The two treatment groups were highly comparable in epidemiological and clinical terms and differed significantly during the baseline period in only one of the 39 parameters. Longitudinal nonparametric analyses showed that significant therapeutic changes tended to occur more quickly and involved a wider spectrum of schizophrenic phenomena with haloperidol than with chlorpromazine. Parametric analyses also indicated that at the completion of the study, haloperidol-treated patients had significant improvement in many more dimensions than the chlorpromazine-treated patients and that the changes with haloperidol were generally of greater magnitude. At the same time, chlorpromazine treatment seemed to be more susceptible to the antagonistic effects of trihexyphenidyl. No differential patterns of responses were noted for the two neuroleptics to provide any clinical validity to the distinction often made between “sedative” and “activating” neuroleptics. These data were in agreement with those from a previous comparative study which had a very different research design and a somewhat different type of schizophrenic population. The clinical and potency differences between the two neuroleptics were again explained on the basis of the fact that chlorpromazine has much stronger built-in anticholinergic properties, which may be acting in opposition to the antipsychotic activity. It was suggested that the degree of inherent anticholinergic activity may be an important determinant of potency differences among presently known neuroleptics. The possible role of cholinergic mechanisms in schizophrenia was discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421013
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A unifying hypothesis on the biochemical basis of affective disorder (1970)
    Springer
    Psychiatric quarterly 44 (1970), S. 706-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6709
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01563010
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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