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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 89 (1956), S. 1281-1287 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zur weiteren Klärung des unterschiedlichen Reaktionsverhaltens der Acetylen- und äthylenbindung werden die Bromwasserstoff-Anlagerung, die Brom-Addition und die Hydrierung in Abhängigkeit von der Zahl der konjugierten Dreifachbindungen untersucht. Ein Überblick des vorliegenden Materials über Reaktionen der Acetylenbindung führt zu der Schlußfolgerung, daß die Elektronenstruktur der C=C-Bindung sich charakteristisch von der C≡C-Bindung unterscheiden muß. Theoretische überlegungen und Berechnungen führen zu einer Deutung dieser zunächst überraschenden Erscheinung.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: 11C-Butanol ; Tumor perfusion ; Tumor trans-plants ; Positron emitters ; Blood-flow tracer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1-11C-n-Butanol produced semiatomatically using a cyclotron was employed to investigate the whole-body distribution and kinetics of the label of this compound. Following the administration of 11C-butanol into the aorta of two dogs, more than 80% of the activity was cleared from the blood within 1 min. The activity distribution mirrored the cardiac output distribution as determined using 121I microspheres. Within 25 min p.i., a significant release of decay-corrected activity was only observed for the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Muscle and whole-body activity showed constant levels during this period. In 45 tumor transplants from rats, the dynamic behavior of the label was studied. The tissue retention of activity following injection into the a. femoralis was approximately 100% during the 1st 15 s for both tumor and muscle (n=6). The activity release by tumors during the 1st 10 min after intra-aortic injection was 18%±4.5% (n=39; decay corrected). In five different tumor lines (n=10), the initial 11C-butanol uptake was related to that of muscle, and the results were correlated with the tumor-to-muscle retention of 121I-microspheres (r =0.89). In 17 tumors, the correlation between 11C-butanol uptake and the washout rate of 133Xe resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.96. Tumor-to-muscle uptake ratios could be equally determined using intra-aortic and intravenous injection, as evaluated by intraindividual comparison in 12 rats (y=0.01+0.98x;r=0.98). 11C-Butanol appears to be an appropriate radiotracer for the assessment of blood supply to malignant tumors relative to muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The addition of bromine to multiple bond systems is generally maintained to be an electrophilic reaction. Assuming an electrophilic mechanism however leads to difficulties with reactions on the CC triple bond system. In addition, the few existing investigations show a strong influence of trace contaminations. Through the principle of preliminary reactions, proven in polymer reactions, it was possible to obtain pure bromobenzene solutions of stilbene, tolane, p,p′-dimethyl-stilbene and-tolane, m,m′-dimethyl-stilbene and-tolane, p,p′-dibrom-stilbene and-tolane, m,m′-dinitro-stilbene and-tolane, p,p′-dinitro-stilbene and-tolane, as well as of bromine. With such solutions, for all cases of brominations, the rate law obtained ([c] = concentration of unsaturated compound) was $$d[Br_2 ]/dt = d[c]/dt = k[Br_2 ]^2 [c]$$ The experimental activation energies cannot be explained, assuming an electrophilic mechanism at the double and triple bond system. IfE = andE ≡ are the activation energies of a reference pair, andE =S andE ≡S are the activation energies of a substituted stilbene-tolane-pair, the expressionE ≡ E =S /(E = E ≡S ) increases with increasing electron accepting property of the substituentS. This is to be expected from an electrophilic primary step at the double bond, and a nucleophilic one at the triple bond.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bromaddition an Mehrfachbindungssysteme gilt all-gemein als elektrophile Reaktion. Die Annahme eines elektrophilen Mechanismus führt jedoch bei der Reaktion am C-C-Dreifachbindungssystem zu Schwierigkeiten. Ferner zeigen die wenigen vorhandenen Untersuchungen sehr starken Einfluß von Spurenverunreinigungen. Durch das bei den Polyreaktionen bewährte Prinzip der Vorreaktion gelang es, “kinetisch saubere” Brombenzol-Lösungen von Stilben, Tolan, p,p′-Dimethyl-stilben und-tolan, m,m′-Dimethyl-stilben und-tolan, p,p′-Dibrom-stilben und-tolan, m,m′-Dinitro-stilben und-tolan, p,p′-Dinitro-stilben und-tolan sowie von Brom zu erhalten. Mit solchen Lösungen wurde in allen Fällen für die Bromierung ein Geschwindigkeitsgesetz ([c] = Konzentration der ungesättigten Verbindung) $$Br_2 $$ erhalten. Bei Annahme eines elektrophilen Mechanismus am Doppel- wie am Dreifachbindungssystem lassen sich die gefundenen Aktivierungsenergien nicht verstehen. SindE = undE ≡ die Aktivierungsenergien eines Bezugspaares undE =S undE ≡S die Aktivierungsenergien eines substituierten Stilben-Tolan-Paares, so nimmt der AusdruckE ≡ E =S /E = E ≡S mit steigender Elektronenacceptorwirkung des SubstituentenS zu. Dies ist für elektrophilen Primärschritt an der Doppelbindung und für nucleophilen an der Dreifachbindung zu erwarten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Applying consequent mass balances, quenching techniques with DCl, kinetic investigations and NMR-measurements it could be shown that in homogeneous ZIEGLER-catalyst systems, based on bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium- or -titanium compounds and trialkylaluminum, condensation reactions take place leading to dimetalloalkylenes via β-hydrogen transfer and cleavage of alkanes, according to scheme 1. At least part of the aging processes in homogeneous and heterogeneous ZIEGLER-catalysts can be explained with this reaction.
    Notes: Durch konsequente Massenbilanzierungen, Quenchversuche mit Deuteriumchlorid, kinetische Untersuchungen und Kernresonanz-Messungen konnten in den homogenen ZIEGLER-Katalysatorsystemen auf der Basis von Bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirkon- bzw. -titan-Verbindungen und Aluminiumtrialkylen Kondensationsreaktionen aufgezeigt werden, die im Sinne von Schema 1 unter β-Wasserstoffübergang und Alkanabspaltung zu Dimetalloalkylenen führen. Zumindest ein Teil der Alterungsvorgänge von homogenen wie heterogenen ZIEGLER-Katalysatoren läßt sich mit Hilfe dieser Reaktion erklären.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In Japan wird z. Tl. Kunststoff-Schrottvom Hausmüll getrennt gesammelt und einer Wiederverwendung als Plastikmaterial (z. B. als Blumentöpfe, Zaunpfähle, Fischkörbe) zugeführt oder pyrolytisch zu Heizgas und Heizöl zersetzt. In einer Anlage in Cobe werden Altreifen (5 t/Tag) zu Heizgas, Heizöl und Aktivkohle verarbeitet. - Ferner wird über Laboruntersuchungen in der BRD berichtet. In kontinuierlich betriebenen Sandwirbelschichten wurden Polyäthylen, Polypropylen, Polyvinylchlorid, Polystyrol und Reifengummi pyrolysiert und Stoffbilanzen über 98% erhalten. Es können bis zu 40 Gew.-% des Einsatzmaterials als Aromaten-Fraktionerhalten werden. Polymethylmethacrylat kann in 〉 95 proz. Ausbeute zum Monomeren gespalten werden. Die Raum/Zeit-Ausbeuteliegt über 0,4 kg/l h.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 778-779 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 88 (1955), S. 1869-1877 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird an einigen Beispielen gezeigt, daß man Polyin-ene partiell an den Doppelbindungen sowohl mit Ozon als auch mit Persäuren umsetzen kann. Diese Möglichkeit kann einerseits analytisch und andererseits zur Darstellung bestimmter Polyin-aldehyde benutzt werden, die auf anderem Wege kaum zugänglich sind. Die spektralen Gesetzmäßigkeiten bei den Polyin-epoxyden werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 51 (1979), S. 419-429 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Industrial prototypes for the pyrolysis of used tyres and waste plastic materials. The increasing amounts of old tyres and waste plastics are creating problems regarding their disposal and recycling. Such wastes, however, can be converted by pyrolysis into almost residue-free organic raw materials. Various processes, particularly for the pyrolysis of old tyres, are described which have been tested in Japan, the USA, Great Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany. In indirectly heated fluidized sand beds whole automobile tyres can be decomposed to give up to 20 wt-% gas, 30 wt-% aromatics, 40 wt-% carbon black, and 10 wt-% steel scrap.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 49 (1977), S. 577-577 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Stoffaustausch ; Gasabsorption ; Rieselfilm ; pH-Farbindikator ; VIS-Spektroskopie ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Ölsand ; Ölschiefer ; Pyrolyse ; Wirbelschicht ; Aromaten-Erzeugung ; Verfahrenstechnik ; Petrochemie ; Entschwefelung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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