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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intra- and interspecific avoidance of areas marked with skin extract from brook sticklebacks (Culaea inconstans) in a natural habitat (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1517-1524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alarm signaling ; antipredator behavior ; Schreckstoff ; brook stickleback ; Culaea inconstans ; finescale dace ; Chrosomus neogaeus ; fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The detection of a chemical alarm pheromone may allow receivers to avoid areas where a predator has captured the prey's conspecifics. We marked minnow traps with either brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) skin extract or a control of distilled water and tested whether sticklebacks avoided the skin extract marked traps in a natural habitat. Significantly more sticklebacks were captured in traps marked with control water, thereby demonstrating avoidance of conspecific skin extract. The stickleback captured in traps marked with conspecific extract were significantly smaller than those captured in traps marked with control water, implicating ontogenetic factors (i.e., experience or physiological development) in the development of the response. We also captured significantly fewer finescale dace (Chrosomus neogaeus) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in traps marked with skin extract. These data suggest that dace and minnows may benefit by avoiding areas where predators have recently captured sticklebacks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059877
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of olfaction in chemosensory-based predator recognition in the fathead minnow,Pimephales promelas (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 623-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Olfaction ; chemoreception ; solitary chemosensory cells ; predator recognition ; alarm pheromone ; Schreckstoff ; fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; northern pike ; Esox lucius
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Solitary fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were rendered anosmic and exposed to chemical stimuli from a predatory northern pike (Esox lucius) to determine the role of olfaction in the minnow's ability to recognize predators on the basis of chemical stimuli. Anosmic fish did not respond to the pike stimuli with a typical fright reaction, while control fish, with intact olfactory receptors, did. These results demonstrate that the olfactory system is necessary for the ability of fathead minnows to recognize northern pike as a predator and that the gustatory and single-celled chemosensory systems are not sufficient for this recognition in the absence of olfactory input. Olfactory impairment was behaviorally confirmed by exposing minnows to alarm substance (Schreckstoff).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984997
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactions of Gammarus lacustris to Chemical Stimuli from Natural Predators and Injured Conspecifics (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1163-1173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gammarus lacustris ; alarm pheromone ; kairomone ; predator avoidance ; antipredator behavior ; Esox lucius ; Aeshna eremita
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We exposed the freshwater amphipod Gammarus lacustris, to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics and to chemical stimuli from two types of natural predators: dragonfly larvae (Aeshna eremita) and northern pike (Esox lucius). Exposure to all three stimuli caused G. lacustris to reduce significantly its level of activity relative to activity recorded in response to a distilled water control. The similarity in responses to chemicals associated with predators and to injured conspecifics suggests the presence of an alarm pheromone within the body tissues of G. lacustris. In response to chemical stimuli from pike, G. lacustris tended to reduce its time in the water column and spend more time near the bottom of the test aquaria. However, no such trend was apparent in response to chemical stimuli from dragonfly larvae. The differences in response to chemical stimuli from pike and larval dragonflies suggest that G. lacustris does not have a rigid behavioral response to predation risk; instead, antipredator behavior may be modified to maximize avoidance of predators that are active in different microhabitats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006393.92013.36
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localized defecation by pike: a response to labelling by cyprinid alarm pheromone? (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 36 (1995), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key wordsEsox lucius ; Pimephales promelas ; Schreckstoff ; Predator labelling ; Localized defecation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) that have never encountered a predatory pike (Esox lucius), are able to detect conspecific alarm pheromone in a pike’s diet if the pike has recently consumed minnows. It remains unclear how this minnow alarm pheromone is secreted by pike and if a pike is able to avoid being labelled as a potential predator by localizing these cues away from its foraging range. The first experiment determined that minnow alarm pheromone is present in pike feces when pike are fed minnows. Individual fathead minnows exhibited a fright response to a stimulus of pike feces if the pike had been fed minnows, but not if the pike had been fed swordtails, which lack alarm pheromone. Individual minnows also exhibited a fright reaction to alarm pheromone in the water (which contained no feces) housing pike which had been fed minnows, suggesting that alarm pheromone is also released in urine, mucous secretions and/or via respiration. The second experiment determined that test pike spent a significantly greater proportion of time in the “home area” of the test tanks (i.e. where they were fed) but the majority of feces were deposited in the opposite end of the test tank. By localizing their defecation away from the home or foraging area, pike may be able to counter the effects of being labelled as a predator by the alarm pheromone of the prey species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050130
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localized defecation by pike: a response to labelling by cyprinid alarm pheromone? (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 36 (1995), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Esox lucius ; Pimephales promelas Schreckstoff ; Predator labelling ; Localized defecation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) that have never encountered a predatory pike (Esox lucius), are able to detect conspecific alarm pheromone in a pike's diet if the pike has recently consumed minnows. It remains unclear how this minnow alarm pheromone is secreted by pike and if a pike is able to avoid being labelled as a potential predator by localizing these cues away from its foraging range. The first experiment determined that minnow alarm pheromone is present in pike feces when pike are fed minnows. Individual fathead minnows exhibited a fright response to a stimulus of pike feces if the pike had been fed minnows, but not if the pike had been fed swordtails, which lack alarm pheromone. Individual minnows also exhibited a fright reaction to alarm pheromone in the water (which contained no feces) housing pike which had been fed minnows, suggesting that alarm pheromone is also released in urine, mucous secretions and/or via respiration. The second experiment determined that test pike spent a significantly greater proportion of time in the “home area” of the test tanks (i.e. where they were fed) but the majority of feces were deposited in the opposite end of the test tank. By localizing their defecation away from the home or foraging area, pike may be able to counter the effects of being labelled as a predator by the alarm pheromone of the prey species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170715
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Male courting behaviour in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 18 (1987), S. 235-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Courtship ; Fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; Reproductive behaviour ; Cyprinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopis Reproductively developed male fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, exhibited courtship behaviour in the presence of female conspecifies under laboratory conditions. Male courtship consisted of several distinctive and visually conspicuous behaviours directed toward females, including approach, display, and two contact behaviours, as well as leading behaviour from the female to a suitable spawning site. An ovulated condition in females was not necessary to generate male courtship behaviour; in fact, the amount of courtship exhibited by males may depend inversely on the readiness of females to spawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000363
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Smell, taste, and other chemical senses in fishes (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 42 (1995), S. 99-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002353
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alarm substance cells in fathead minnows do not affect the feeding preference of rainbow trout (1983)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 9 (1983), S. 307-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Alarm signal ; Allomone ; Altruism ; 17-α-methyltestosterone ; Pimephales promelas ; Predator deterrent ; Salmo gairdneri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis To test the hypothesis that minnow alarm substance cells contain a predator deterrent, rainbow trout were offered a choice between fathead minnows with alarm substance cells and fatheads which had been treated with androgen to eliminate alarm substance cells. The trout showed no preference. The testing procedure did detect a preference for liver over commercial pellets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692380
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid acquisition of directional preferences by migratory juveniles of two amphidromous Hawaiian gobies, Awaous guamensis and Sicyopterus stimpsoni (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 53 (1998), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: post-larvae ; learned orientation ; migration ; climbing ; Lentipes concolor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The native freshwater fish fauna of the Hawaiian Islands is composed of four gobiid species and one eleotrid. All five species are amphidromous. They spawn in freshwater, go to sea as free embryos and, as juveniles (sometimes referred to as post-larvae), enter fresh water again. Juveniles of two of these species, Awaous guamensis and Sicyopterus stimpsoni, had been observed maintaining directed migratory activity in the absence of water flow during the early freshwater phase of their upstream migration. Our experiments demonstrate that these juveniles are strongly attracted to flowing water. But, when water flow stops the fish persist in migratory behaviour in the same compass direction even when the tank is rotated, controlling for local landmarks and chemical cues, or when the trap that was the original water source is moved. This indicates a rapid (10 min or less) learning of directional cues. Preliminary data indicates a similar ability in a third species, Lentipes concolor. Rapid acquisition of directional preferences may be critical during upstream migration, when these tiny fish traverse water falls and other barriers by climbing in intermittent water flows. We suggest that rapid directional learning may have evolved in gobies as part of their predator avoidance repertoire and been subsequently applied to migration in streams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007449021543
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk-sensitive habitat use by brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) in areas associated with minnow alarm pheromone (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2975-2983 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Predation risk ; area avoidance ; brook stickleback ; Culaea inconstans ; fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; alarm pheromone ; Schreckstoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) share habitat and predators with cyprinid species, and they exploit the alarm pheromone of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to avoid areas of high predation risk. In this field experiment, we measured the retention and duration of area avoidance by brook stickleback from areas marked with alarm pheromone of fathead minnows. Area avoidance was greatest during the first 2 hr after the source of the alarm pheromone was removed (P〈0.05), but after 4 hr, area use was not significantly different from premarking levels. This study shows that brook stickleback: (1) use the alarm pheromone of fathead minnows to avoid high risk areas, (2) continue to avoid locations associated with predation risk after the source of the pheromone has gone, and (3) avoid risky areas temporarily, and resume use of risky areas after 2–4 hr. This behavioral response by stickleback to minnow alarm pheromone could serve to minimize risk of predation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098403
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