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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and properties of Ti−Al alloys (1967)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 9 (1967), S. 885-887 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusion We found that the strength and heat resistance increase most in binary titanium alloys with 6–8% Al. The alloys with 9 and 10% Al, although they have high heat resistance properties, are of only limited interest because of embrittlement occurring after long heating at 550–650°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662537
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of oxygen on the structure and properties of the VT3-1 alloy (1967)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 9 (1967), S. 93-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The oxygen content must not exceed 0.15% in the VT3-1 alloy containing 5.2–6.5% Al in order to guarantee high thermal stability during prolonged operation (up to 2000 h) at working temperatures. 2. An increase of the oxygen content by 0.1% increases the strength by 7 kg/mm2. 3. The increase in the strength by 15 kg/mm2 at 20°C obtained by increasing the oxygen content to 0.3% is almost completely lost at 300–400°C. 4. Oxygen reduces the stability of the β-phase; the decomposition of the β-phase increases with increasing oxygen concentrations. 5. The increase in strength and reduction of the ductility with increasing oxygen concentrations are connected with the formation of sections of heterophase structure as the result of the decomposition of the metastable β-phase. 6. An increase of the oxygen content by 0.1% or the aluminum content by 1% increases the temperature of the polymorphous transformation by 20–30°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00819830
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recrystallization and oxidation of titanium alloy VT3-1 (1968)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 10 (1968), S. 704-707 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The beginning of recrystallization of the VT3-1 alloy is observed at 850–900°C; recrystallization ends with phase recrystallization at 850–900°C; recrystallization ends with phase recrystallization at the temperature of the α+β→β transformation. Heating in the β-region sharply increases the micro- and macrograin size. 2. Heating 2 h at 700°C produces a very thin α-layer (∼0.005 mm). On heating in the α+β-region the α-layer reaches the maximum thickness (0.08 mm) after 2 h at 950°C; the thickness of the scale is about 0.02 mm. Oxidation increases sharply on heating in the β-region, and after 2 h at 1200°C the α-layer attains a thickness of 0.47 mm; the thickness of the scale is 0.15 mm. 3. In addition to the α-layer a zone of elevated hardness is observed in the metal; it extends to various depths, depending on the temperature and holding time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00652844
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of titanium alloy VT3-1 (1972)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 14 (1972), S. 958-961 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. During isothermal annealing the cooling rate from 870 to 650°C in the furnace or transfer to another furnace has almost no effect on the mechanical properties of alloy VT3-1. Repeated isothermal annealing improves the ductility. 2. The optimal conditions of double annealing as compared with standard isothermal annealing improve the ultimate strength by 8–10 kg/mm2 with negligible reduction of the ductility and retention of thermal stability. 3. As compared with isothermal annealing, double annealing substantially shortens the length of the heat treatment cycle (particularly for large machine parts).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651987
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alloys of titanium with refaractory elements (1973)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 15 (1973), S. 310-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. We investigated the mechanical properties, structure, and phase composition of binary alloys with up to 30% Mo, V, and Cr, and up to 60% Nb, and ternary and more complex alloys with up to 40% refractory metals Mo, Nb, V, and Cr. 2. Alloys with a high concentration of alloying elements (30–40%) have a lower plasticity than α and α+β alloys. 3. Most of the β titanium alloys investigated have alow heat resistance and high ductility at 650° compared with existing α and α+β alloys. The Ti-Mo-Nb-Cr and Ti-Mo-Nb-V-Cr alloys with a total of 30–40% alloying elements are the most heat resistant. 4. The heat resistance of β alloys can be increased by combined alloying of the β solid solution and intermetallic hardening.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00660327
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation-free granulation of metals (1974)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 16 (1974), S. 765-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. It was demonstrated that it is possible to obtain high-quality spherical granules from different alloys with different densities. 2. The strength characteristics at room and elevated temperatures increase considerable as the result of granulation. 3. A relationship was found between the granulometric composition and the physical properties of alloys and the parameters of the melting process. 4. Preliminary analysis of the microstructure of granules of different alloys indicates a fine dendritic structure and the absence of large precipitates of second phase. 5. The granules obtained by the given method are promising original materials for producing semifinished products with excellent properties, composite materials, and porous parts such as filters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00663190
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of heat treatment on the properties and structure of alloy VT9 (1979)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 21 (1979), S. 878-881 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. Metastable α′, α″, and βM phases are formed in alloy VT9 after quenching and cooling in air. Depending on the ratio of these phases, their dispersity, and the shape of the precipitates, the properties may vary within a broad range. The highest strength characteristics (σb = 140 kgf/mm2, σ0.2 = 125 kgf/mm2) with satisfactory ductility (δ=10%, ψ=25%) are obtained after quenching in water from 950° (1 h) and aging at 530° for 2 h, followed by air cooling. The lowest strength characteristics (σb = 105 kgf/mm2, σ0.2 = 75 kgf/mm2) and highest ductility are obtained by water quenching from 850–900° (1 h). 2. The highest strength of alloy VT9 results from decomposition of the martensitic α″ phase during aging. The formation of equilibrium α and β phases as the result of aging of βM and α′ phases strengthens the alloy less, although the absolute values of the strength characteristics are high.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00708359
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of tin and zirconium between phases in α+β titanium alloys (1979)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 21 (1979), S. 228-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. For the titanium alloys investigated, containing tin and zirconium, the concentration of tin and β stabilizers in the β phase increases with the holding time at 400–500°, while the concentration of zirconium does not change. Zirconium is a neutral element in the alloys investigated, while tin is a β stabilizer. 2. With prolonged heating of the alloys in the range of 400–550° the strength increases and the ductility decreases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00774769
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the structure and properties of titanium alloy VT25 during thermomechanical treatment (1976)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 18 (1976), S. 1020-1022 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The ultimate tensile strength of alloy VT25 at 20° is almost independent of the deformation conditions, while the ductility is considerably lower after deformation in the β region (ψ=18–27%) than in the α+β region (ψ=30–42%). With increasing deformation in the β region the ductility increases. 2. The thermal stability of alloy VT25 is higher than that of alloy VT9. 3. The long-term strength of the alloy depends to a considerable extent on the deformation conditions. The alloy deformed in the β region has a higher long-term strength than the alloy deformed in the α+β region. An increase of deformation substantially increases the long-term strength of the alloy deformed in the β region. 4. The variation of the creep strength with the deformation conditions is similar to the variation of the long-term strength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705166
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat treatment of binary and ternary titanium alloys (1975)
    Springer
    Metal science and heat treatment 17 (1975), S. 597-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The addition of 0.5–14% Co effectively increases the ultimate strength of titanium at 20° (from 40 to 140 kg/mm2). In ternary Ti−Al−Co alloys the strengthening effect of cobalt is similar. 2. The ternary alloys retain fairly high ductility after annealing in the α+β region. Annealing in the region of α+Ti2Co, α+α2+β, and α2+β+Ti2Co greatly reduces the ductility, which is due to the presence of Ti2Co and α2 phases. 3. At elevated temperatures the strengthening effect of cobalt is retained up to 500° in both the binary and ternary alloys. At 600–650° the strength decreases considerably. 4. In long-term strength tests of the ternary alloys at 600° under stress of 15–20 kg/mm2 the samples had a short service life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00680409
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