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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oro-facial dyskinesia and the sub-commissural part of the globus pallidus in the cat: role of acetylcholine and its interaction with GABA (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Oro-facial dyskinesia ; Globus pallidus ; GABA ; Acetylcholine ; Behaviour ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possible role of cholinergic mechanisms in the sub-commissural part of the globus pallidus (scGP) in the induction of oro-facial dyskinesia (OFD) was studied in cats. Local injections of the cholinergic agonist carbachol into the scGP elicited tongue protrusions in a dose dependent way (100–1000 ng/0.5 μl). The effect elicited by 1000 ng carbachol was selectively antagonized by the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (10 μg/0.5 μl); this dose of scopolamine was ineffective when injected alone. The tongue protrusions resulted from both normal and abnormal movements: whereas normal movements simply consisted of protruding the flat tongue, abnormal movements implied a variety of movements, especially curling upwards the lateral side(s) or tip of the tongue inside or outside the oral cavity. The abnormal carbachol-induced tongue protrusions formed part of a syndrome marked by dyskinetic movements of the muscles of the eye, ear and cheek, and were identical to those seen previously after local injections of picrotoxin (250–500 ng). Intra-pallidal injections of the abovementioned dose of scopolamine had no effect on the tongue protrusions induced by local injections of 375 ng picrotoxin. However, local injections of 100 ng muscimol, which was previously found to attenuate significantly the effect of 375 ng picrotoxin and which was ineffective when injected alone, significantly attenuated the tongue protrusions induced by local injections of 1000 ng carbachol. These data suggest that the cholinergic effects are mediated via a GABAergic mechanism, but not vice versa. The results are discussed in view of GABAergic and anticholinergic therapies used in oro-facial dyskinesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445562
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of the subthalamic nucleus and the subpallidal area in oro-facial dyskinesia: role of GABA and glutamate (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 119 (1995), S. 20-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Oro-facial dyskinesia ; Subthalamic nucleus ; Globus pallidus ; GABA ; Glutamate ; Behaviour ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have shown that lowering the GABAergic activity in the sub-pallidal area (SP) in the cat results in the display of oro-facial dyskinesia (OFD). There exists an intense, mutual anatomical connection between the SP and the subthalamic nucleus and the adjoining lateral hypothalamic area (STH). The present study investigated whether the STH is also involved in OFD. Once this turned out to be true (see below), it was investigated whether the SP-specific OFD is funneled via the STH, or vice versa. Bilateral injections of low doses (50–250 ng) of picrotoxin, a non-competitive GABA antagonist, into the STH were found to elicit OFD. This effect which was quantified in terms of numbers of tongue protrusions, was dose-dependent: a bell-shaped dose-response was found (50–500 ng). The OFD elicited by the most effective dose of picrotoxin (250 ng) was significantly antagonized by muscimol, a specific GABAA agonist, in a dose (50 ng) which itself was ineffective, indicating GABA specificity. In addition, it was found that OFD elicited by local injections of picrotoxin (250 ng) into the STH was significantly attenuated by SP injections of the broad spectrum glutamate antagonist kynurenic acid in a dose (1000 ng) which itself was ineffective, but not by muscimol (100 ng), indicating that the STH-elicited OFD needs an intact and functioning glutaminergic, but not GABAergic, transmission process in the SP for its expression. Finally, it was found that OFD elicited by picrotoxin injections (500 ng) into the SP was significantly attenuated by muscimol injections (50 ng) into the STH, indicating that the SP-elicited OFD needs an intact and functioning GABAergic transmission process in the STH for its expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246049
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of a subchronic post-lesion treatment with (−)-deprenyl on the sensitivity of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats to apomorphine and d-amphetamine (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 106 (1999), S. 825-833 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Keywords: ( ; )-Deprenyl ; 6-OHDA ; apomorphine ; D-amphetamine ; rat.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. The effects of a subchronic post-lesion treatment of 14 days with (−)-deprenyl or its solvent on the rotational response to apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) in 6-OHDA- and SHAM-lesioned rats were investigated. Rats received a local injection of 6-OHDA (9 μg/0.7 μl) or its solvent into the medial forebrain bundle. Following the (SHAM or 6-OHDA) lesion the animals were randomly assigned to one of the two post-lesion treatment groups, viz. vehicle or (−)-deprenyl (0.1 mg/kg, 2 × day, i.p.) and treated for 14 days. After a wash out period of 6 weeks the number of rotations in response to apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) were compared. Seven days following the final behavioural experiments the animals were sacrificed and the striatal dopamine, DOPAC and HVA levels were determined. The (−)-deprenyl-treated 6-OHDA-lesioned rats responded with a reduced number of rotations in response to apomorphine but not to d-amphetamine as compared to vehicle-treated 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. However the two lesion groups did not differ in striatal dopamine, DOPAC and HVA concentrations; the levels were below or close to the detection limit ipsilateral to the 6-OHDA injections. Thus a post-lesion treatment with (−)-deprenyl reduced the dopaminergic supersensitivity without a concomitant increase in striatal dopamine content. The data are discussed in the light of the previously described neurorescue properties of (−)-deprenyl.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007020050203
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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