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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FINDING PROSTATE CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 5 (2004), S. 151-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1527-8204
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple loci contributing to susceptibility. Traditionally, genome-wide scans using high-risk families have utilized stratification by number of affected individuals, family history of other cancers, or family age at diagnosis to improve genetic homogeneity. In addition to locus heterogeneity, for later onset diseases such as prostate cancer, a major limitation to mapping efforts is that key parental DNA samples are rarely available. The lack of available samples from upper generations reduces inheritance information, and as a result, the standard 10-cM genome scan does not provide full power to detect linkage. To increase the ability to find disease-associated loci, much denser genome-wide scans must be undertaken in multiple ethnic groups. In addition, new ways of defining homogenous subsets of families need to be developed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genom.5.061903.180044
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genome-wide scan for high-risk prostate cancer families with breast cancer reveals new loci for prostate cancer and breast cancer (2001)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 27 (2001), S. 79-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Hereditary prostate cancer is a complex disease, and in some families it seems to segregate with other cancers. Epidemiological and genetic studies have reported familial clustering of prostate and breast cancers. As part of a genome-wide search for prostate cancer genes, we performed linkage ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/87246
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population-based prostate cancer trends in the United States: patterns of change in the era of prostate-specific antigen (1997)
    Springer
    World journal of urology 15 (1997), S. 331-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed prostate cancer trends prior to and during the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era using data reported from population-based tumor registries in the United States. On the basis of a summary of reports from several population-based tumor registries, prostate cancer incidence rose abruptly during the PSA era, peaked in 1992, and then fell just as abruptly. Prostate cancer incidence in the United States now appears to be approaching levels seen in the pre-PSA era. The flux in prostate cancer incidence (in both magnitude and slope) during the years 1988–1995 is without precedent in oncology. As expected, an age and stage migration toward early age and early stage has been observed. Unexpectedly, grade has shifted heavily toward moderate differentiation, whereas rates of poorly and well-differentiated disease have remained relatively stable. Local treatment rates, particularly radical prostatectomy rates, have risen substantially. Mortality rates appear to have leveled or declined slightly since 1991 after years of steady rise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01300179
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; breast feeding ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A population-based case-control study of breast cancer with a focus on premenopausal women under 45 years of age, conducted in three geographic regions of the United States, enabled the evaluation of risk in relation to varying breastfeeding practices. Among premenopausal parous women (1,211 cases, 1,120 random-digit-dialing controls), a history of breastfeeding for two or more weeks was associated with a relative risk (RR) of 0.87 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.7–1.0). This relationship was not altered substantially by removing from the reference group women who had problems with breastfeeding in the first two weeks, including those with insufficient milk production. Risk was not related substantially to number of children breastfed or length of breastfeeding, although a relatively low risk was observed among those breastfeeding for the longest duration examined (RR=0.67, CI=0.4–1.1 for an average period per child of 72 or more weeks). Women who began to breastfeed at a young age (〈22 years) experienced the greatest reduction in risk, but other timing parameters (e.g., interval since first or last breastfeeding) were not predictive of risk. Risks were not modified substantially by age or menopause status, although the number of menopausal subjects examined was limited. Use of medications to stop breast milk was unrelated to risk (RR=1.04). The results of this study do not support the notion that breastfeeding substantially reduces breast cancer risk; however, this may reflect the fact that most of our study subjects breastfed only for limited periods of time (average breastfeeding per child of 30 weeks). Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship of breastfeeding to breast cancer risk, and to determine possible etiologic mechanisms underlying any observed associations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051791
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk among young women (United States) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 583-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast neoplasms ; cigarette smoking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To evaluate whether heavy cigarette smoking as a teenager or long-term smoking increases breast cancer risk or, alternatively, whether smoking acts as an anti-estrogen and reduces risk. Methods: Data from a multi-center, population-based, case-control study among women under age 55 were analyzed. Results: Among women under age 45, there was a modest inverse relation with current (OR=0.82, 95% CI=0.67, 1.01) but not past (OR=0.99, 95% CI=0.81, 1.21) smoking. Odds ratios were decreased for current smokers who began at an early age (0.59 for≤15, 95% CI=0.41, 0.85) or continued for long periods of time (0.70 for 〉21 years, 95% CI=0.52, 0.94). In subgroup analyses, reduced odds ratios were observed among current smokers who were ever users of oral contraceptives (0.79, 95% CI=0.63, 0.98), were in the lowest quartile of adult body size (0.53, 95% CI=0.34, 0.81), or never or infrequently drank alcohol (0.68, 95% CI=0.47, 0.98). Among women ages 45-54, there was little evidence for an association with smoking. Conclusions: These results suggest that breast cancer risk among women under age 45 may be reduced among current smokers who began smoking at an early age, or long-term smokers, but require confirmation from other studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008868922799
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal trends in the self-detection of breast cancer: indications from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone (CASH) study (1997)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 42 (1997), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast neoplasms ; breast self-exam ; estrogen receptors ; melatonin ; seasonal variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Of 2895 women who self-detected an incident breastcancer that required surgery, peaks in month ofdetection occurred in spring and late autumn (p = 0.012).For the subset of cases for whom receptor status was available, there was ahighly significant seasonal variation in detection only forthose with ER-negative tumors. Further investigations into seasonalityand breast cancer detection may be warranted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005762228022
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gastroesophageal reflux disease, use of H2 receptor antagonists, and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: esophageal neoplasms ; gastric neoplasms ; gastroesophageal reflux disease ; H2 receptor antagonists
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has risen rapidly in the past two decades, for unknown reasons. The goal of this analysis was to determine whether gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or the medications used to treat it are associated with an increased risk of esophageal or gastric cancer, using data from a large population-based case–control study. Methods: Cases were aged 30–79 years, newly diagnosed with esophageal adenocarcinoma (n = 293), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (n = 221), gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (n = 261), or non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 368) in three areas with population-based tumor registries. Controls (n = 695) were chosen by random digit dialing and from Health Care Financing Administration rosters. Data were collected using an in-person structured interview. Results: History of gastric ulcer was associated with an increased risk of non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4–3.2). Risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma increased with frequency of GERD symptoms; the odds ratio in those reporting daily symptoms was 5.5 (95% CI 3.2–9.3). Ever having used H2 blockers was unassociated with esophageal adenocarcinoma risk (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.5–1.5). The odds ratio was 1.3 (95% CI 0.6–2.8) in long-term (4 or more years) users, but increased to 2.1 (95% CI 0.8–5.6) when use in the 5 years prior to the interview was disregarded. Risk was also modestly increased among users of antacids. Neither GERD symptoms nor use of H2 blockers or antacids was associated with risk of the other three tumor types. Conclusions: Individuals with long-standing GERD are at increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma, whether or not the symptoms are treated with H2blockers or antacids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008913828105
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive factors in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 3 (1992), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case-control study ; international ; liver cancer ; parity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Data from a hospital-based case-control study conducted in four developing countries were analyzed to evaluate the role of reproductive factors in the etiology of liver cancer. Eighty-three patients newly diagnosed with primary liver cancer and 596 matched controls between the ages of 15 and 56 years completed study interviews. The relative risk of hepatocellular carcinoma was elevated significantly in women of high gravidity, an association that was attributable to the effects of full-term pregnancies. The adjusted relative-risk estimate in women who had ever had a full-term pregnancy was 1.6 (95 percent confidence interval=0.6–4.1), and risk increased directly with the number of full-term pregnancies (P for trend = 0.03), rising to 3.8 among women with seven or more births compared to women with one to two births. Induced abortions and a history of miscarriage were unrelated to risk. These findings were unchanged after adjustment for a history of jaundice, lifetime number of sexual partners, or age at first sexual intercourse—variables which may be related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) exposure. Serum samples to determine HBV status were not collected, however, and it is not known whether the observed associations are independent of prior HBV infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051910
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