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Notes: This work refers basically to the detailed understanding of the natural phenomena in real tunneling metal-semiconductor contacts. A mechanism of forming extremely low-resistance nonalloyed Ti/Pt/Au ohmic contacts to a variety of III-V compound semiconductors, e.g., InGaAs, InAs, and GaAs, is presented. Epitaxial layers of either type with different doping levels ranging from 1×1019 to 2×1020 cm−3 were employed in order to determine electrical parameters that guarantee pure tunneling behavior of the contacts. Ti/Pt/Au contacts formed on p-InGaAs Zn doped to 1×1020 cm−3 and on n-InGaAs Si doped to 5×1019 cm−3 yielded a specific contact resistance of 4.8×10−8 and 4.3×10−8 Ω cm2, respectively. The same metallization scheme applied to 4×1019 cm−3 Si-doped n-InAs gave a specific contact resistance of 1.7×10−8 Ω cm2 for the as-deposited and annealed samples. An extremely low value of 2.8×10−8 Ω cm2 was evaluated for contacts on p-GaAs doped with Be to 2×1020 cm−3. The contact properties are discussed in relation to the effect of ion-beam cleaning and postdeposition annealing. Of particular concern was the cleaning of the semiconductor surface with low-energy (60 eV) Ar+ ions for 40 s prior to the metallization process. This opens also the possibility to investigate ion damage defects and trap-assisted increase of the depletion depth. The contact design was based on the concept that the detrimental influence of the ion beam on the semiconductor properties can be neutralized with a proper annealing. It has been demonstrated that even very rapid thermal processing for 1 s at elevated temperatures was sufficient to restore the stoichiometry in the As-depleted subsurface layer arising as a result of ion damage.The fabrication sequences used provide formation of intimate contacts without interfacial films and carrier compensation effects. Optimal processing conditions have been empirically established that stimulate substantially the ohmic behavior of the contacts. It was possible to achieve an absolute control over the contact formation mechanism without crucial adjustment of annealing parameters. Closer examination of the temperature dependence of the contact resistances reveals a good agreement with the theoretical approach based on the tunneling model. Metallurgical studies of the contacts confirm their unreacted, abrupt metal-semiconductor configurations if optimal annealing temperatures are used. Experimental evidence manifests a definite relationship between electrical properties and interfacial compositional modifications affected by different forming conditions. The trend for structural changes occuring at annealing temperatures above the optimal ones was found to be in correlation with the chemical reactivity of III-V compounds. The observed thermal stability of the contacts can be fully explained in this way. In contrast to chemical precleaning the controllable elimination of interface inhomogeneities during ion etching results in contacts with improved homogeneity and uniformity. The demonstrated universality and reliability make the fabrication technique suitable to meet specific needs of modern semiconductor devices.

Notes: Extremely low resistance nonalloyed Ti/Pt/Au contacts have been formed to n-InGaAs, p-InGaAs, and n-InAs/InGaAs layers with doping concentrations ranging from 1 to 5×1019 cm−3 for n-type and from 2 to 1×1020 cm−3 for p-type material. The comparative studies reveal specific contact resistances as low as 1.7×10−8 Ω cm2 for the n-InAs/InGaAs system, while the best values obtained for n-InGaAs and p-InGaAs are 4.3 and 4.8×10−8 Ω cm2, respectively. The electrical behavior of the contacts is discussed in relation to the effect of ion beam cleaning and post-deposition annealing. The use of low energy (60 eV) Ar+ bombardment provides atomically clean, contamination free surfaces. Very rapid thermal processing at 400 °C for 1 s was successfully employed in order to restore the original properties of the subsurface layer disordered during ion bombardment. This fabrication sequence ensures formation of intimate contacts without interfacial films and carrier compensation effects. The variation of the specific contact resistance with the reciprocal square root of the carrier concentration indicates that tunneling is the dominant mechanism of current flow through the metal-semiconductor junction. The tunneling origin of the contact characteristics has also been elucidated from the temperature dependence of the contact resistance.

Notes: Pt/Au Schottky contacts on AlInAs lattice-matched to InP have been fabricated using effective cleaning of the semiconductor surface with low-energy (30 eV) Ar+ ions prior to the metal deposition. A short-time annealing of the contacts at moderate elevated temperatures in the range of 230 to 430 °C was employed in order to eliminate eventual postbombardment defects. Subsequently, an increase of the effective Schottky barrier height from 0.85 to 1.09 eV was observed. This improvement is probably due to the heteroalignment between PtAs2 and AlAs phases which easily appears if intimate contacts are considered. Conventionally prepared wafers (without ion-beam treatment) exhibit a barrier height of 0.82 eV which remains unchanged during annealing. The initial breakdown voltage in ion-etched samples rises from −18 to −28 V and the reverse current density at −10 V diminishes by more than two orders to less than 8×10−7 A cm−2. An ideality factor n very close to unity was obtained from the slope of forward current-voltage characteristics of contacts to homogeneously and shallow Zn-doped substrates.

Notes: Nonalloyed Ti/Pt/Au contacts to heavily doped p-GaAs have been fabricated using effective cleaning of the semiconductor surface by bombardment with low energy Ar+ ions (60 eV) prior to the metal deposition. Short-time annealing cycles for 1 and 20 s were employed in order to restore the primary properties of the subsurface layer disordered during ion bombardment. Annealing at temperatures ranging from 420 to 530 °C provides formation of contacts with an extremely low resistivity of 2.8×10−8 Ω cm2. A definite correlation between electrical properties and structural modifications of the contact interface was found. Measurements of the contact resistivity at different ambient temperatures yielded a good quantitative agreement with the theoretically predicted values using the field-emission model. The results indicate that the metal-semiconductor junctions formed under optimal conditions are intimate and that tunneling is the dominant mechanism of the current flow.

Notes: Abstract High-power (12 W) pulse-operated AlGaAs double-heterostructure lasers with a large thickness of the active layer (1.5 µm) are able to produce internal second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation with a peak power of 10 mW. The corresponding portion of the electroluminescence spectra has a maximum at 405 nm. Clearly resolved mode structures of the fundamental and harmonic radiation are analysed in detail. Particular transverse modes exhibit different conversion efficiencies. Violet resonances without modal precursors in the infrared spectrum make a marked contribution to the light intensity. The harmonic signal serves as an excitation source in photoluminescence studies. A technique of single-photon counting is applied in order to perform spectral measurements under weak-intensity levels. Bright fluorescence spectra of saturated solution of perylene ino-xylene are presented. The spectrum obtained when the solution is illuminated with a gas discharge lamp shows no differences with respect to the positions of the intensity peaks. This allows us to suggest that AlGaAs high-power lasers can be used as convenient excitation sources in photophysics, in particular in time-resolved experiments.