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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons of yeast florae from natural substrates and larval guts of southwestern Drosophila (1982)
    Springer
    Oecologia 52 (1982), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yeast florae in the natural substrates of four desert and three non-desert Drosophila species were compared both qualitatively and quantatively to the yeast present in the guts of Drosophila larvae living in those substrates. The desert species breed in rotting cacti and the other Drosophila were found breeding in necrotic oranges. Larvae of one cactophilic species, D. mojavensis, and larvae of all of the species utilizing oranges (D. melanogaster, D. pseudoobscura, and D. arizonensis) were found to contain non-random samples of the yeasts available in their respective substrates. Larval preference behavior is most likely responsible for these differences. The other cactophilic Drosophila (D. nigrospiracula, D. mettleri, and D. pachea) did not exhibit significant differences when the yeast florae of their larvae and substrates were compared. Selective feeding by larvae appears to be related to the degree of polyphagy in that only larvae of polyphagous species are selective. Trade-off between generalism and specialism at two biological levels is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00363835
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogeny and evolutionary rates of G protein α subunit genes (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 230-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: G protein α subunit ; Molecular phylogeny ; Nucleotide substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rooted phylogenetic trees for a total of 34 genes encoding the stimulatory (sα), inhibitory (iα), transducin (tα), Gx (xα), Gz (zα), G11 (α11), G12 (α12), G13 (α13), G16 (α16), Gq (qα), and other (oα) G protein a subunits have been constructed. The analysis shows that the G12 (α12 and α13), Gq (α11, α16, and qα), and Gs (sα genes) groups form one cluster, and the Gx (xα and zα genes), Gi (iα genes), Gt (tα1 and tα2), and Go (oα genes) groups form another cluster. During mammalian evolution, the rates of synonymous substitutions for these genes were estimated to be between 1.77 × 10−9/site/year and 5.63 × 10−9/site/year, whereas those of nonsynonymous substitutions were between 0.008 × 10−9/site/year and 0.067 × 10−9/site/year. These evolutionary rates are similar to those for histone genes, suggesting equally important biological functions of the G protein a subunits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178599
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of tomato mosaic tobamovirus RNA in ancient glacial ice (1999)
    Springer
    Polar biology 22 (1999), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tomato mosaic tobamovirus is a very stable plant virus with a wide host range, which has been detected in plants, soil, water, and clouds. Because of its stability and prevalence in the environment, we hypothesized that it might be preserved in ancient ice. We detected tomato mosaic tobamovirus RNA by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification in glacial ice subcores 〈500 to approximately 140,000 years old from drill sites in Greenland. Subcores that contained multiple tomato mosaic tobamovirus genotypes suggest diverse atmospheric origins of the virus, whereas those containing tomato mosaic tobamovirus sequences nearly identical to contemporary ones suggest that recent tomato mosaic tobamovirus populations have an extended age structure. Detection of tomato mosaic tobamovirus in ice raises the possibilities that stable viruses of humans and other hosts might be preserved there, and that entrapped ancient viable viruses may be continually or intermittently released into the modern environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050411
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yeast communities from host plants and associated Drosophila in southern arizona: new isolations and analysis of the relative importance of hosts and vectors on comunity composition (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 70 (1986), S. 386-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Yeast ; Drosophila ; Host plants ; Communities ; Vectors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yeast communities from slime fluxes of three deciduous trees (Prosopis juliflora, Populus fremontii and Quercus emoryi) and the necroses of two cacti (Opuntia phaeacantha and Carnegiea gigantea) were surveyed in the region of Tucson, Arizona. In addition, the yeasts carried by dipterans associated with the fluxes or necroses (Drosophila carbonaria, D. brooksae, D. nigrospiracula, D. mettleri, and Aulacigaster leucopeza) were sampled. The results indicate that each host sampled had a distinct community of yeasts associated with it. The dipterans, which can act as vectors of the yeasts, deposited yeasts from other sources in addition to those found on their associated hosts. It is argued that host plant physiology is relatively more important than the activity of the vector in determining yeast community composition. Furthermore, the average number of yeast species per flux or necrosis is not different from the average number of yeast species per fly. It is hypothesized that the vector may affect the number of species per individual flux or not, and that the number is lower than the rot or necrosis could potentially support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379501
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the community structure of yeasts associated with the decaying stems of cactus. I.Stenocereus gummosus (1982)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 8 (1982), S. 71-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yeast communities of decayingStenocereus gummosus were analyzed for spatial, temporal, and physiological characteristics. Analysis of random samples within plants, between plants, and between localities shows that the species proportions of the yeast community are relatively constant within plants and between localities, but that there is significant variability between rotting plants. It is suggested that the increased variability between plants represents sampling of different stages of succession. The physiological abilities of the yeast community also show a relatively constant pattern within plants and between localities yet more variability between plants. The variablity profiles of species proportions and community physiological characters are demonstrated to be correlated within and between plants. This observation is an extension of the Kluge-Kerfoot phenomenon to the level of the community. The correlation of within and between plant variability profiles is suggested to be a result of the temporal and spatial availability of resources during the stages of rotting plant succession. The community structure is thus postulated to result from a set of possible future resource states of the habitat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02011463
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ecology of yeast flora associated with cactiphilic Drosophila and their host plants in the Sonoran desert (1976)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 3 (1976), S. 11-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yeasts were isolated from the rotting stems of 7 species of cereoid cacti and 4 species ofDrosophila which utilize them as host plants. The yeast most common among 132 nonidentical isolates from the cacti and 187 nonidentical isolates from the flies, respectively, were:Pichia membranaefaciens (59 and 126),Candida ingens (22 and 8),Torulopsis sonorensis (16 and 20), andCryptococcus cereanus (11 and 14). Isolates capable of utilizingd-xylose were recovered primarily fromD. pachea andL. schotti. Adult flies were present on the substrates whenP. membranaefaciens was at high concentrations. As the pH of the substrates increased, the percent ofC. ingens cells increased relative to other yeast species. Larvae were detected mainly in alkaline substrates, and since adults did not yieldC. ingens to the extent the substrates did,C. ingens may be important in larval nutrition.Torulopsis sonorensis was recovered mainly fromD. mojavensis and its host plants,M. gummosus andL. thurberi. The concentration ofT. sonorensis in the substrates was negatively correlated with the temperature of the substrate.Cryptococcus cereanus was found in high concentrations in suitable tissues for adult flies but most adults did not yield this species to any extent. The yeast habitat diversities from the substrates had the following order:L. thurberi 〉 C. gigantea 〉 C. gigantea soils ≫ M. gummosus 〉 L. schotti 〉 others. Habitat diversity is discussed in relation to the variation of the physical conditions and chemical composition of the substrates. The yeast habitat diversities from the flies had the orderD. pachea 〉 D. mojavensis ≫ D. nigrospiracula 〉 undescribed Species M. The degree of habitat diversity is possibly a function of the surface feeding behavior of the flies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02011450
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of yeast communities found in necrotic tissue of cladodes and fruits ofOpuntia stricta on Islands in the Caribbean Sea and where introduced into Australia (1987)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 14 (1987), S. 179-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yeast communities growing in the decaying tissues (cladodes and fruits) ofOpuntia stricta (prickly pear cactus) and associated yeast vectors (Drosophila species) were compared in two geographic regions (Caribbean and eastern Australia). The Australian yeast community provides an interesting comparison to the Caribbean community, because the host plantO. stricta was introduced to Australia over 100 years ago. Many of the yeasts found in the Australian system also were introduced during a period of biological control (1926–1935) when they accompanied rotting prickly pear cladodes and insects shipped to Australia from the Americas. The yeast community composition (proportion of each species) is compared at several levels of organization: (1) within and between regions, (2) across seasons and years, and (3) within and between tissue types. The yeast species composition of the cladode communities are similar from locality to locality, season to season, and year to year, with the region-to-region similarity slightly less. The composition of the fruit-yeast communities are distinct from region to region and only show some overlap with the cladodes within regions when collected simultaneously in the same locality. It is suggested that the cladode-microorganism-Drosophila system is relatively closed (little extrinsic influence) whereas the fruit-microorganism-Drosophila system is open (large extrinsic influence).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02013022
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yeasts from exudates ofQuercus, Ulmus, Populus, andPseudotsuga: New isolations and elucidation of some factors affecting ecological specificity (1982)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 8 (1982), S. 191-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The yeast flora associated with exudates ofQuercus, Ulmus, Populus, andPseudotsuga was examined in the light of new isolations in geographic areas different from those in previous reports. Application of multivariate analytic methods indicated that geographic distance, although a meaningful ecological factor, is largely overshadowed by host tree specificity, provided that yeast community physiological profiles and not yeast taxa, are used as ecological descriptors. Some physiological attributes used in classifying yeasts were identified as particularly important in shaping the yeast communities of those trees. The possible divergence between these attributes and those generally considered taxonomically useful is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010452
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the community structure of yeasts associated with the decaying stems of cactus. II.Opuntia species (1983)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 9 (1983), S. 247-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A survey was made of yeast species associated with the decaying pads of 3 prickly pear cacti (Opuntia phaeacantha, O. ficus-indica, andO. lindheimeri) in Arizona and Texas. Yeast communities from 12 localities were compared among localities, amongOpuntia species, and with previous data on yeast communities associated with columnar cacti. The results indicate thatOpuntia necroses contain relatively more yeast species with broader physiological abilities in their communities than columnar necroses. It is argued that differences in chemistry of the opuntias and columnar forms in concert with the insect vectors specific for these cacti account for the differences in yeast community structure. It is further hypothesized that the differences in yeast community structure have been important in the evolution and maintenance of species diversity forDrosophila species which live in the decaying stems or cladodes of various cacti. Most of the yeast community evolution in the cacti is postulated to have proceeded by evolution in situ and not by additions and replacements from outside of the system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02097740
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the community structure of yeasts associated with the decaying stems of cactus. III.Stenocereus thurberi (1985)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 11 (1985), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yeast communities in necroses of organpipe cactus (Stenocereus thurberi) were surveyed at 3 localities in Arizona. Quantitative analysis of random samples allows comparisons of the types and numbers of yeasts at 3 levels: within plants, between plants within a locality, and between localities. The analysis shows that the major source of variability is between plants. This pattern is identical with the pattern shown by agria cactus (Stenocereus gummosus) and is thought to be due to sampling different successional stages. No significant differences in estimates of the effective number of yeast species (ENS) in agria and organpipe samples were found. Comparisons of agria, organpipe, and prickly pear (Opuntia) cacti support the hypothesis that cactus chemistry is an important determinant of the yeast community structure which, in turn, is an important determinant of the diversity ofDrosophila species which utilize necrotic cacti as feeding and breeding substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010488
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