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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHYSICAL AGING IN AMORPHOUS GLASSY POLYMERS (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 279 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb39695.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical aging of margarine (1980)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 19 (1980), S. 111-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Margarineproben wurden von 30°C auf Meßtemperaturen von −10, 0, 5 und 10°C abgeschreckt. Für jede Meßtemperatur wurde eine Folge von kurzzeitigen Torsions-Kriech-Messungen mit geringer Dehnintensität durchgeführt, so daß der Einfluß der seit dem Abschrecken verflossenen Zeit erfaßt werden konnte. Alterungseffekte wurden bei +5°C und tieferen Temperaturen gefunden. Überraschenderweise ähnelt das Kriech- und Alterungsverhalten von Margarine weitgehend demjenigen von synthetischen Polymeren.
    Notes: Summary Margarine samples were quenched from 30°C to measuring temperatures of −10, 0, 5 and +10°C. At each measuring temperature a sequence of short small-strain torsional creep tests was performed giving the effect of the time elapsed after the quench on the creep properties. Aging effects were found at +5°C and lower, and surprisingly, the creep and aging behaviour of margarine strongly resembles that of synthetic polymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01523862
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The accuracy of some formulae for the interconversion of creep and stress-relaxation data (1987)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 26 (1987), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Creep compliance ; stress-relaxation modulus ; creep rate ; stress-relaxation rate ; complex modulus ; complex compliance ; glassy polymer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The accuracy of the approximation formulaeJ (t) ~ 1/G (t) andd lnJ (t)/d lnt ~ —d lnG (t)/d lnt, which interconnect stress-relaxation modulusG (t) and creep complianceJ (t) and their double logarithmic rates are investigated. For glassy polymers, the errors in the first formula are less than 1–2%, and in the second, they are generally in the order of a few percent, too. Similar estimates can also be found for the real parts of the analogous complex functionsJ * (ω) andG * (ω).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01332678
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Free damped vibrations of linear viscoelastic materials (1967)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 6 (1967), S. 119-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary A mechanical system consisting of an inert component, attached to a linear viscoelastic spring, is studied theoretically. Basic assumptions about the viscoelastic material areBoltzmann's superposition principle and a positive discrete relaxation spectrum. The equation of motion and its formal solution for free damped vibrations are discussed. The theory focusses on the determination of the complex dynamic modulus, defined for undamped sinusoidal vibrations, by free damped vibrations. Simple approximation formulae to calculate the dynamic modulus from free vibration data, i. e. eigen frequency and logarithmic decrement, are given; upper limits for the approximation errors could be derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01969161
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behaviour of unfilled and filled rubbers in shear in the glass-rubber transition region (1966)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 5 (1966), S. 270-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary Rubbers filled with high amounts of a hard inorganic filler still show the typical mechanical properties of a high polymer, viz. a glass-rubber transition region, a glassy state and a rubbery state. The influence of filler characteristics on the glass-rubber transition is discussed, chiefly on the basis of the course of shear modulus at constant frequency as a function of temperature. The influence of volume content of filler on the glass-rubber transition of composite materials consists chiefly in a change of the levels of the shear modulus in the glassy and in the rubbery state. This change may be described by a simple macroscopic model due toVan der Poel. Predictions by this theory could be confirmed for rubbers filled with single filler fractions in the range of filler size between 30–500 μm, and in the range of filler content between 0–50 vol.%. At smaller particle sizes, an influence of filler size was observed, which points to an increase in the transition temperature and to an increase in the level of modulus in the rubbery state with decreasing filler size. The preparation of composite materials with high filler contents (〉 55 vol.%) is only possible by using a filler with a bimodal size distribution. In this case, moduli depend on filler content and mixing ratio of coarse to fine filler fraction; theVan der Poel theory then gives predictions which are too high in comparison with experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02009733
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volume relaxation in polymers (1966)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 5 (1966), S. 303-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary Volume relaxation and related phenomena in the glass transition of polymers are discussed. During volume relaxation, the molecular transport mobility changes. First, this in principle implies non-linearity of the volume relaxation process itself. The apparent contradiction of this fact with the linearity domain found experimentally byGoldbach (1) could be explained. Secondly, during volume relaxation the viscoelastic processes change their location in time scale, due to the change in molecular transport mobility. This is demonstrated by experimental results for poly(styrene). The change of mechanical properties during volume relaxation strongly increased with a decrease in frequency of the mechanical deformation. Consequently one should also be careful with mechanical measurements in the glass transition range, especially when performed at lower frequencies. A semi-automatic method to perform simultaneously a large series of isothermal volume relaxation measurements is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02009739
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conversion of dynamic into transient properties, and vice versa (1969)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 8 (1969), S. 134-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein kurzer Überblick über eine neue Theorie gegeben, die es erlaubt, dynamische und statische Kennwerte linear-viskoelastischer Stoffe ineinander zu überführen. Die Anwendbarkeit wird am Beispiel eines Polymeren im Glasübergangsgebiet gezeigt.
    Notes: Summary A short review is given of a recent theory for converting into each other dynamic and transient properties of linear viscoelastic materials. The applicability is illustrated for a polymer in the glass-rubber transition range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01984649
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical aging of dry elastin (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 1667-1673 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dry purified ligamentum nuchae elastin has been investigated for physical aging. The samples were quenched from a temperature (197°C) close to the softening point to a number of measuring temperatures ranging from -20 to +180°C. At each temperature, the small-strain torsional creep properties were determined at a number of elapsed intervals after the quench. Aging effects were found over the whole temperature range, and the creep and aging behavior of elastin turned out to be very similar to that of synthetic polymers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1980.360190910
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orientation effects and cooling stresses in amorphous polymers (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 799-811 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper deals with two kinds of internal stresses in amorphous polymers. First, the internal stresses connected with molecular orientation are discussed. A framework is presented that describes the interrelations of the various orientation effects (anisotropy, birefringence, etc.) and their dependence on the thermomechanical history of the material. The second part of the paper deals with the residual thermal stresses generated by rapid inhomogeneous cooling through the glass transition range. These so-called cooling stresses are well-known in glass technology. The theory of the quenching of flat glass plates is described, generalized to objects of arbitrary geometry, and shown to be applicable to polymers. The practical importance of cooling stresses is discussed.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181011
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of densification on the mechanical properties of amorphous glassy polymers (1974)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1857-1864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Four polymers, viz. polystyrene, polycarbonate, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly-(vinyl chloride), were cooled from the melt to room temperature under hydrostatic pressures of 30 and 1000 atm. Cooling under high pressure increased the density by 0.4-0.6%, and the effect of this has been examined for the torsional creep properties, the dynamic properties at 1 Hz, the Charpy impact strength, the thermal expansivity, and the torsional yield stress. It turned out that, in general, densification affects the thermomechanical properties only slightly.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1974.180120909
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