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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oral health and reduction in respiratory capacity in a cohort of community-dwelling elderly people: a population-based 5-year follow-up study (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Gerodontology 21 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-2358
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objectives:  Several anaerobic bacteria originating in periodontal pockets have been isolated from infected lungs and pharyngeal microflora. Increased bacterial load in lungs is known to be a risk factor for decline in forced expiratory volume during the first second. The aim was to evaluate both cross-sectionally and longitudinally the association between oral health status and forced expiratory volume during the first second (FEV1) in older residents of the city of Jyväskylä, Finland.Design:  Cross-sectional and prospective cohort study over a 5-year follow-up.Setting:  Research laboratory of the University of Jyväskylä.Participants:  In 1990 dental status and FEV1 were examined in 203 80-year-old people, of whom 88 survivors were retested 5 years later.Main outcome measures:  Primary: dental status and FEV1. Secondary: existence of pulmonary diseases, height, handgrip strength, smoking, and length of education.Results:  Participants were regrouped into three categories according to their baseline oral health status. At baseline, men with complete prostheses had the lowest FEV1. Five years later the greatest reduction in FEV1 was seen in subjects with poor periodontal status or complete prostheses (−9.4%) while those with healthy periodontal status showed no reduction in FEV1 values (+1.0%, p = 0.006).Conclusions:  Periodontal infections and complete prostheses may be reservoirs for pathogens which may be harmful and partly explain the observed reduction in FEV1 during ageing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-2358.2004.00029.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of age and life-time physical training on fibre composition of slow and fast skeletal muscle in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 408 (1987), S. 543-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Fibre types ; Fibre transformation ; Enzymes of energy metabolism ; Slow and fast skeletal muscle ; Rat ; Age ; Endurance training
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of age and endurance training on muscle fibre characteristics were studied in a slow (m. soleus, MS) and in a fast (m. rectus femoris, MRF) skeletal muscle. Wistar rats at ages of 1, 2, 4, 10, and 24 months were used as experimental animals. The trained rats were put to run on a motor-driven treadmill 5 d/wk beginning from the age of 1 month. The body weights of the animals increased continuously throughout their lives. The muscle weights increased up to the age of 10 months, after which they tended to decrease. The trained adult rats had lower body weights as well as lower muscle weights than the untrained adult rats. The amount of the intramuscular lipid decreased with age, especially during the first months of life. The activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) decreased during the growth period in both muscles and remained more or less constant thereafter, whereas the activity of phosphofructokinase decreased with age only in MS. In MS, the trained animals tended to have higher ICDH activities than the untrained animals. The cross-sectional area of the different fibre types in both muscles increased up to the age of 10 months. The major fibre types, type I in MS and type IIB in MRF, were smaller for trained than untrained rats. The percentage number of the slower fibre types of both muscles — type I in MS and types I and IIA in MRF —increased with advancing age. The muscles of the trained animals contained higher percentages of the slower fibre types than those of the untrained rats. The present paper indirectly supports the opinion that not only the metabolic but also the contractile properties of different muscle cell types can be changed by age and long-term endurance-type physical training.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00581154
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of aging and life-long physical training on collagen in slow and fast skeletal muscle in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Slow and fast skeletal muscle ; Age ; Endurance training ; Endomysium ; Perimysium ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intramuscular collagen in a slow (m. soleus) and a fast (m. rectus femoris) skeletal muscle was studied by biochemical, morphometric, and immunohistochemical methods. Wistar white rats of 1, 4, 10, and 24 months were used as experimental animals. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of life-long physical training (treadmill running, 5 days a week for 1, 3, 9, and 23 months depending on the age attained). The biochemical concentration of collagen was higher in m. soleus than in m. rectus femoris and it increased in youth and in old age in m. soleus. The trained rats had higher concentrations of collagen than the untrained rats at 10 and 24 months. The morphometrically measured area-fractions of both the endomysium and perimysium were higher in m. soleus than in m. rectus femoris. The age-related increase in intramuscular connective tissue was of endomysial origin. The immunohistochemical staining of type-I, -III, and -IV collagens indicated the more collagenous nature of m. soleus as compared with m. rectus femoris for all major collagen types; this was most marked for type-IV collagen of basement membrane. The results indicate that both age and endurance-type physical training further distinguish the slow and fast muscles with respect to their connective tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218191
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muscle strength and history of heavy manual work among elderly trained women and randomly chosen sample population (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 66 (1993), S. 514-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Isometric force ; Muscle performance ; Occupation ; Veteran sports ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The association between a history of heavy work and muscle strength was studied among 51 physically active women aged 66–85 years trained in sports and 41 women aged 70–81 years selected randomly from the population register. Maximal isometric muscle strength of hand grip, arm flexion, leg extension and trunk flexion and extension were measured using specially constructed dynamometers. The capacity of the abdominal muscles was evaluated by means of a sit-up test. The study included an interview dealing with the subjects' histories of heavy manual employment. The mean histories of heavy work for the trained and untrained women were 24 and 36 years, respectively. The trained women showed significantly greater maximal isometric muscle strength and abdominal muscle capacity than the untrained women. Among the trained women there was no correlation between the amount of heavy work and muscle performance. Among the untrained women the amount of heavy work correlated positively with maximal isometric trunk extension strength. The results would suggest that among elderly women, whether physically active or not, a history of heavy work has no systematic association with muscle strength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634301
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age- and training-related changes in the collagen metabolism of rat skeletal muscle (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 58 (1989), S. 765-771 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Collagen biosynthesis ; Collagen types ; Slow and fast skeletal muscle ; Age ; Endurance training
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of ageing and life-long endurance training on the collagen metabolism of skeletal muscle were evaluated in a longitudinal study. Wistar rats performed treadmill running 5 days a week for 2 years. The activities of collagen biosynthesis enzymes, prolyl-4-hydroxylase and galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase, were highest in the muscles of the youngest animals, decreased up to the age of 2 months and from then on remained virtually unchanged. The enzyme activity in young animals was higher in the slow collagenous soleus muscle than in the rectus femoris muscle. The enzyme activity in the soleus muscle was higher for older trained rats than older untrained rats. The relative proportion of type I collagen increased and that of type III collagen decreased with age, suggesting a more marked contribution by type I collagen to the agerelated accumulation of total muscular collagen. The results show that collagen biosynthesis decreases with maturation and that life-long endurance training maintains a higher level of biosynthesis in slow muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637389
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muscle strength in male athletes aged 70–81 years and a population sample (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 63 (1991), S. 399-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Aging ; Physical training ; Muscle performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle strength characteristics of different muscle groups were studied in active male strengthtrained (ST, n = 14), speed-trained (SP, n = 16), and endurance-trained (EN, n = 67) athletes aged between 70 and 81 years. A population sample of similar age (n = 42) served as a control group. The isometric forces for hand grip, arm flexion, knee extension, trunk extension, and trunk flexion were higher for the athletes than the controls and higher for the ST than EN group. The SP athletes showed higher values in knee extension and trunk flexion than the EN group. When the isometric muscle forces were related to lean body mass, significant differences still existed between the athletes and controls. However, the differences between the ST and EN groups disappeared. The elevation of the body's centre of gravity in the vertical jump was also higher for the athletes than the controls. The SP group performed better in the vertical jump than either the ST or EN group. The results showed that the athletes who trained not only for strength and speed but also for endurance had superior muscle function compared to the average male population of the same age. Although the strength and speed athletes generally showed the highest muscle strength in absolute terms, the endurance athletes also preserved excellent strength characteristics related to body mass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00364469
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