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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 371 (1994), S. 209-210 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - Over the past decade, transgenic technologies have been explored in various fish species1, with particular emphasis on growth enhancement as a strategy to shorten long production cycles. The original gene construct used to double the size of mice used a mouse metallothio-nein promoter ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 11 (1993), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: somatolactin ; GH/PRL family ; radioimmunoassay ; plasma levels ; reproductive maturation ; smoltification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La somatolactine (SL) est une nouvelle hormone récemment caractérisée chez plusieurs espèces de poisson. Des analyses structurales ont montré que SL appartient à la famille hormone de croissance/prolactine et que s'est une protéine hautement conservée. SL est syntétisée par les cellules de la pars intermedia acide périodique/Schiff positive mais a des fonction(s) jusqu'à présent non identifiée(s). Nous avons récemment développé un dosage radioimmunologique homologue pour la SL de saumon et mesuré ses niveaux plasmatiques pendant deux stades, la smoltification et la maturation sexuelle. Pendant la smoltification, les niveaux plasmatiques en SL changent presque parallèlement avec ceux de thyroxine; ils augmentent, alors que les indices morphologiques de smoltification apparaissent et diminuent quand la smoltification est achevée. Après cette période, les niveaux de SL restent bas jusqu'au printemps précédent la reproduction. Dans une étude séparée, les teneurs plasmatiques ont été mesurées chez des saumons coho effectuant leur maturation sexuelle et maintenus toute leur vie en eau douce. Les niveaux plasmatiques augmentent graduellement à partir du printemps pour atteindre un maximum au moment de la reproduction en Novembre et Décembre. Ces résultats sont similaires à ceux précedemment rapportés pour des animaux maturant sexuellement et maintenus dans de l'eau de mer avant la reproduction (Rand-Weaver et al. 1992). Les niveaux plasmatiques en somatolactine augmentent donc indépendamment du maintien des animaux en eau douce ou de mer. Les pics atteints sont plus élevés pendant la reproduction que la smoltification. Des rôles éventuels de la SL dans le métabolisme et la reproduction sont discutés.
    Notes: Abstract Somatolactin (SL) is a novel pituitary hormone recently characterized in several fish species. Structural analyses have shown that SL belongs to the growth hormone/prolactin family, and that it is a highly conserved protein. SL is synthesized by the periodic acid/Schiff-positive cells in the pars intermedia, but has an as yet unidentified function(s). We have recently developed a homologous radioimmunoassay for coho salmon SL and measured plasma levels of SL during two stages of the coho salmon life cycle, smoltification and sexual maturation. During smoltification, plasma levels of SL changed almost in parallel with plasma levels of thyroxine; levels increased as morphological indices of smoltification appeared and decreased as smoltification was completed. Following this period, SL levels remained low until the spring prior to spawning. In a separate study, plasma levels of SL were measured in sexually maturing coho salmon that remained in fresh water throughout their life cycle. During the year of sexual maturation, plasma levels of SL gradually increased from the spring onward, reaching peak levels at the time of spawning in November and December. These data are similar to those previously reported for sexually maturing coho salmon that were maintained in seawater prior to spawning (Rand-Weaver et al. 1992). Therefore, increases in plasma SL levels occurred in sexually maturing fish irrespective of whether they were maintained in fresh water or seawater. Peak levels at spawning were higher than those observed during smoltification. Possible roles for SL in metabolism and reproduction are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: gonadotropins ; gonadotropin subunits ; gonadotropes ; lysosome ; immunocytochemistry ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hypophyse des salmonidés produit deux gonadotropines (GTHI et GTHII) chimiquement distinctes. Les caractéristiques ultrastructurales des cellules produisant la GTHI et la GTHII ont été étudiées par immunocytochimie en microscopie électronique en utilisant des anticorps dirigés contre les sousunités GTHIβ et GTHIIβ de saumon. Chez les poissons en vitellogenèse, les cellules à GTHI se caractèrisent par un réticulum endoplasmique granulaire (REG) contenant de nombreuses citernes dilatées et un petit nombre de granules positives à la GTHIβ (diamètre 100–300 nm) tandis qu'une immunoréactivité à la GTHII était trouvée sur des granules (diamètre 200–4000 nm) et de grands globules (diamètre 500–4000 nm) dans des cellules apparemment différentes (cellules à GTHII). Des distributions cellulaires distinctes de la GTHI et la GTHII se sont maintenues à des stades plus avancées de la gamétogenèse, bien que les caractéristiques morphologiques des cellules à GTHI et GTHII se recoupent suite à des changements dans le nombre et la taiile des granules, des globules et des citernes du REG. II est à remarquer que les globules prśents dans les cellules à GTHI étaient immunonégatifs à la GTHIβ alors que dans les cellules à GTHII ils étaient toujours marqués par l'anticorps contre la GTHIIβ. Ces résultats confirment que, dans l'hypophyse des salmonidés, les GTHIβ et GTHIIβ sont synthetisées dans des types cellulaires différents et indiquent que des caractéristiques morphologiques ne peuvent être utilisées pour distinguer ces deux types cellulaires.
    Notes: Abstract The salmonid pituitary produces two chemically distinct gonadotropins (GTHI and GTHII). Ultrastructural characteristics of GTHI- and GTHII-producing cells were studied in the trout pituitary with electronmicroscopic immunocytochemistry using antisera against salmon GTHIβ- and IIβ-subunits. In pituitaries from vitellogenic fish, GTHI-cells were characterized by numerous dilated cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) and a small number of Iβ-positive granules (diameter, 100–300 nm), whereas GTHIIβ-immunoreactivity was found on granules (diameter, 200–400 nm) and large globules (diameter, 500–4000 nm) in apparently different cells (GTHII-cells). Distinct cellular distributions of GTHI and GTHII were maintained during gametogenesis, although morphological characteristics of GTHI- and GTHII-cells overlapped each other due to changes in number and size of the granules, globules and cisternae of the GER. Interestingly, the globules in the GTHI-cells were immunonegative for GTHIβ, although in the GTHII-cells they were always stained with GTHIIβ-antiserum. These results confirm that GTHIβ and GTHIIβ are synthesized in distinctly different cell-types in the salmonid pituitary and indicate that morphological characteristics cannot be used to distinguish these two cell-types.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: reproductive cycle ; metabolism ; estrogen ; vitellogenin ; insulin ; thyroid hormones ; salmon ; ovulation ; gonadotropin ; eggs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Circulating concentrations of estradiol (E2), vitellogenin (VTG), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and insulin were measured in reproductively maturing four and five year-old Atlantic salmon. Blood samples were collected from the fish in seawater for one year prior to their spawning in November in fresh water. In females, E2 and VTG were low but detectable from December to July, and then increased to peak levels in September and October. Plasma levels of T4 and T3 were relatively constant in winter and spring, and decreased in July. Plasma concentration of T4 increased in November when the fish returned to fresh water. Plasma T3 levels remained low during the autumn. Both T4 and T3 levels tended to be higher in males than in females during September through November. Plasma insulin concentrations increased during the spring to peak values in May, and then decreased in June and July in fish of both sexes. There was a significant elevation of plasma insulin in males during October, and the levels in males tended to be higher than those found in females during final maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 7 (1989), S. 169-176 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: pituitary ; gonadotropins ; reproduction ; salmon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present study was designed to obtain basic endocrine information on GTH I and GTH II in previtellogenic and prespermatogenic coho salmon (immature). Levels of GTH II in pituitary extracts were 6.5 ± 2.0 and 6.7 ± 2.0 pg/μg pituitary protein in male and female fish, respectively. In contrast, the pituitary content of GTH I was approximately 100-fold higher than GTH II (1.302 ± .22 and 1.173 ± .21 ng/μg pituitary protein in male and female fish, respectively). Plasma levels of GTH II in immature salmon were not detectable by RIA whereas plasma GTH I levels were approximately 0.62 ± 0.12 and 0.78 ± 0.13 ng/ml in male and female fish, respectively. Highly purified coho salmon GTH I and GTH II stimulated testicular testosterone production and ovarian estradiol productionin vitro in a similar manner, though GTH II appeared more potent than GTH I. Therefore, it appears that although the salmon pituitary contains predominantly GTH I prior to puberty, the gonad can respond to both GTH I and GTH II.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: gonadotropins ; isolation ; amino acid sequence ; immunocytochemistry ; steroid activities ; GnRH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The duality of salmon gonadotropins has been proved by biochemical, biological, and immunological characterization of two chemically distinc gonadotropins. GTH I and GTH II were equipotent in stimulating estradiol production, whereas GTH II appears to be more potent in stimulating maturational steroid synthesis. The ratio of plasma levels and pituitary contents of GTHs and the secretory control by a GnRH suggest that GTH I is the predominant GTH during vitellogenesis and early stages of spermatogenesis in salmonids, whereas GTH II is predominant at the time of spermiation and ovulation. GTH I and GTH II are found in distinctly separate cells. In trout, GTH I is expressed first in ontogeny, whereas GTH II cells appear coincident with the onset of spermatogenesis and vitellogenesis, and increase dramatically at the time of final reproductive maturation. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides and the base sequences of cDNA revealed that salmon GTH I β is more similar to bovine FSHβ than bovine LHβ and salmon GTH II β shows higher homology to bovine LHβ than to bovine FSHβ. The existence of two pituitary gonadotropins in teleosts as well as tetrapods suggests that the divergence of the GTH gene took place earlier than the time of divergence of teleosts from the main line of evolution leading to tetrapods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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