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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Film Synthesis of Y3Al5O12 and Y3Fe5O12 by the Spray–Inductively Coupled Plasma Technique (2001)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 84 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG, Y3Al5O12) and yttrium iron garnet (YIG, Y3Fe5O12) were synthesized on single-crystal Al2O3 substrates by a modification of spray pyrolysis using a high-temperature inductively coupled plasma at atmospheric pressure (spray–ICP technique). Using this technique, films could be grown at faster rates (0.12 μm/min for YAG and 0.10 μm/min for YIG) than using chemical vapor deposition (0.005–0.008 μm/min for YAG) or sputtering (0.003–0.005 μm/min for YIG). The films were dense and revealed a preferred orientation of (211). The growth of YIG was accompanied by coprecipitation of α-Fe2O3. The coprecipitation, however, could be largely suppressed by preliminary formation of a Y2O3 layer on the substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00717.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yielding and phase transition under shock compression of yttria-doped cubic zirconia single crystal and polycrystal (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 5060-5068 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Inclined-mirror Hugoniot measurements of yttria (Y2O3) -doped (9.6 and 8.0 mol %) cubic zirconia single crystal and polycrystal were performed in the pressure range up to 120 GPa to study yielding and phase transition. The Hugoniot-elastic limit (HEL) stresses parallel to the 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 axes were approximately 14 and 25 GPa, respectively, while that of the polycrystal was approximately 13 GPa. Above the HELs the Hugoniot data parallel toward the 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 axes converged on each other, and showed large relief to an isotropic compression state, while those of the polycrystal preserved a considerably larger shear strength. A phase transformation took place at approximately 53 GPa (both 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 axis directions), and was completed by about 70 GPa. The phase transition pressure was much higher than those of the monoclinic- or tetragonal-orthorhombic II phase transitions under static compression. The shock velocity Us versus particle velocity Up relation of the final phase of the single crystal was given by Us=2.19+2.35Up km/s. The equation of state of the final phase was analyzed by using a program based on the Debye model, the Mie–Grüneisen equation, and the Birch–Murnaghan equation. The volume change between the cubic phase and the final phase at zero pressure was estimated to be 20%, which was larger than that expected for the cubic-orthorhombic II transition. The bulk moduli of the final phase at zero pressure were estimated to be 510 GPa. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359314
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anomalous shock compression behavior of yttria-doped tetragonal zirconia (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 5069-5076 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Shock-wave measurement and shock-compression recovery experiments of yttria (Y2O3) -doped (3.0 mol %) tetragonal zirconia in the pressure range up to 125 GPa were performed to study the anomalous shock compression and release behaviors. The minute three-wave structure with the transition points of 15–17 and 33–35 GPa was observed also by the inclined-mirror method, which is consistent with the VISAR (velocity interferometer system for any reflector) data. The shock velocities of the second wave were so fast that the first transition could not be identified as a normal elastoplastic transition. The shock velocity Us versus particle velocity Up relation of the final wave was given by Us=2.71+2.39Up km/s. The equation of state of the final phase was analyzed by using a program based on the Debye model, the Mie–Grüneisen equation, and the Birch–Marnaghan equation. The volume change between the tetragonal phase and the final phase at zero pressure was estimated to be 18%, which was larger than that expected for the tetragonal-orthorhombic II transition. The bulk moduli of the final phase at zero pressure was estimated to be 550 GPa. An instability was observed at release in the stress history of 28 GPa in peak stress. A certain amount of the monoclinic phase was observed at fractured surfaces of the recovered specimens from the shock compressions of below and above the first transition point (15–17 GPa) by Raman spectrum and transmission electron microscope observations. This might be related to the observed anomalous shock compression and release behaviors. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359315
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shock-induced superconductivity of Tl2Ba2CuO6 (1990)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 57 (1990), S. 813-815 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Shock-loading experiments were done for as-prepared nonsuperconducting specimens of Tl2Ba2CuO6. The shocked specimens which were encased in the stainless-steel container with small holes exhibited a superconductivity of about Tc−75 K at 18 GPa, indicating that the overdoping state was released by oxygen loss during shock-loading. The x-ray powder diffraction pattern of the recovered specimens after shock-loading showed broadening of diffraction lines and a distortion to the orthorhombic symmetry. A transmission electron microscope image of the shocked specimen in which the orthorhombic distortion was observed in the x-ray powder diffraction patterns showed a twin structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.104260
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical response of BaTiO3 ceramics to the shock-induced ferroelectric-paraelectric transition (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 59 (1986), S. 748-756 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electrical response of BaTiO3 ceramics to the strong shock compression well above the Hugoniot-elastic limit or ferroelectric-paraelectric transition pressure is studied to separate and identify the causes of shock-induced electrical response of ferroelectric materials. Measurements of voltage and current histories under shock compression are performed by using poled and nonpoled specimens, assemblies of both parallel and normal modes, and explosive systems. In order to consider the effects due to elastic-plastic deformation and shock-induced conduction, the Hugoniot compression curve and electrical conductivities are also measured by using nonpoled specimens. The Hugoniot-elastic limit stress is determined to be 4.8–6.4 GPa for porous specimens with 1.7–4.4% porosity, and the shock velocity (Us) and particle velocity (Up) Hugoniot can be closely described as Us =4.29+1.66Up km/s in the plastic region. The electrical conductivity values at 12- and 29-GPa peak stresses are measured to be 2.1×10−3 and 4.8×10−2 S/cm, respectively. Both voltage histories for the parallel and normal modes at 12- and 29-GPa peak stresses show similarly increasing signals with time. Although the signals of the 29-GPa peak stress show large internal losses due to shock-induced conduction, these signals are reasonably analyzed by a simple analytical model based on the ferroelectric-paraelectric transition. The relative dielectric constant values under shock compression calculated by the model from the measured voltage histories are in the range (5–71)×103, which is consistent with those measured under static compression. Current histories for the parallel and normal modes at the 12-GPa peak stress show a pulse-shaped signal and a constant-current-shaped signal, respectively, whose total integrated charges are in agreement with those due to the initial remanent polarization, with the losses less than 20%. It is concluded that the measured electrical responses of poled BaTiO3 ceramics to the shock compression well above the Hugoniot-elastic limit are caused not by piezoelectricity, but chiefly by the shock-induced ferroelectric-paraelectric transition, in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.336595
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shock-induced phase transformation in lithium niobate (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 58 (1985), S. 2548-2552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Shock compression measurements of lithium niobate single crystals are carried out up to 121 GPa using the gun method. Hugoniot elastic limits are found to be 2.4 and 6.6 GPa with the shock propagation direction along [0001] and [112¯0], respectively, reflecting a remarkable elastic anisotropy. A phase transition accompanied by a discontinuous volume decrease is induced at the shock pressure of 32.6±0.6 GPa. The zero-pressure volume of the high-pressure phase is estimated to be smaller by 20.5% than that of the low-pressure-phase lithium niobate. The observed large volume decrease strongly suggests considerable change in the bond character with the phase tranformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335934
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grain Size Dependence of Hardness of Metal-TiN Nanocomposite Materials Prepared by Mechanical Alloying and Shock Consolidation (1995)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 179-181 (Feb. 1995), p. 647-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/01/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.179-181.647.pdf
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single crystal X-ray and Mössbauer study of shocked ilmenite to 80 GPa (1981)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 7 (1981), S. 82-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Shock loading experiments on single crystal ilmenite (FeTiO3) are carried out up to peak pressures of 80 GPa using a newly built two-stage light gas gun. Shock effects are investigated by means of X-ray precission technique and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Shock effects are largely controlled by the anisotropic nature of the ilmenite structure. Considerable deformations are observed even in a pressure level of 30 GPa in the shocked crystal when the shock propagation direction is parallel to the c axis, whereas little effects are seen up to 55 GPa when the crystal is shocked parallel to the c plane (cleavage plane). The greatest deformation is introduced in the planes containing the c axis, while less remarkable effects are seen in the plane perpendicular to the c axis. Residual effects are favorably compared with the compression anomalies found in the Hugoniot measurements by King and Ahrens (1976). Mössbauer measurements also reveal that a fraction of highly disturbed regions increases with increasing shock loading pressure. These observations are explained in terms of current heterogeneous yielding model of brittle substances under shock loading, where internal fragmentation is preferentially formed so as to give c-platelet domains that are mutually misoriented with each other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309456
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropic phase transition of rutile under shock compression (1988)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 15 (1988), S. 238-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Shock recovery experiments for single crystal and powdered specimens of TiO2 with the rutile structure were performed in the pressure range up to 72 GPa. Single crystal specimens were shocked parallel to [100], [110] and [001] directions. X-ray powder diffraction analysis showed that the amount of α-PbO2 type TiO2 produced by shock-loading depended strongly on the shock propagation direction. The maximum yield (about 70%) was observed for shock loading to 36 GPa parallel to the [100] direction. In the [001] shock direction, the yield is much smaller than that of the [100] direction. This anisotropic yield was consistent with the observed anisotropy of the phase transition pressure in shock compression measurements. However, transformation to the α-PbO2 type cannot explain the large volume change observed above about 20 GPa. On the basis of the high pressure behavior of MnF2, we assumed that the high pressure phase was either fluorite or distorted fluorite type and that the phase conversion to the α-PbO2 type was induced spontaneously in the pressure reduction process. We present a displacive mechanism of phase transition under shock compression from the rutile structure to the fluorite structure, in which the rutile [100] is shown to correspond to the fluorite [001] or [110] and the rutile [001] to the fluorite [110]. Direct evidence is obtained by examining the [100] shocked specimen by high resolution electron microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307512
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical analysis in the shock synthesis of EuBa $_2$ Cu $_3$ O $_y$ (1999)
    Springer
    Shock waves 9 (1999), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: Key words:Shock synthesis, Shock recovery experiments, High $T_{\rm c}$ oxides, EuBa $_2$Cu $_3$O $_y$, Numerical calculation, Mach reflection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Numerical calculations using two material models, a P- $\alpha$ model and the VIR model with and without reaction, were applied for the shock synthesis of EuBa $_2$ Cu $_3$ O $_y$ . The shock wave was reflected from the back rim of the sample due to a faster shock wave velocity in the container than in the sample, achieving very high pressure. The temperature calculated in the outer area of the 3-mm-thick sample was higher than that of the center region because of single compression due to Mach reflection. The calculated temperature distribution in the 1-mm-thick samples was less remarkable than in the 3-mm-thick samples. The temperature calculated using the VIR model with reaction was higher than that of the P- $\alpha$ model without reaction due to the occurrence of exothermic reaction. The result of a shock recovery experiment from a 3-mm-thick sample indicated that the yield of EuBa $_2$ Cu $_3$ O $_y$ phase in the outer area of the sample was larger than that of the central area. The large yield in the outer area was consistent with the result of numerical calculation. A more-homogeneous temperature distribution achieved in a 1-mm-thick sample than in a 3 mm thick sample indicated that the aspect ratio of the sample room is important for shock synthesis experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001930050155
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