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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Selected Element Concentrations and Enrichment Ratiosin Background and Anthropogenically Impacted Roadside Areas (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 38 (2000), S. 428-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous research by the National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program found fish from Manoa Stream, Hawaii, to have the highest concentrations of Pb in the nation. To explore possible source linkages we sampled background (uncontaminated) soil, roadside soil, and road deposited sediment in Manoa watershed and analyzed them for total and extractable concentrations of Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Our concentration and enrichment ratio data indicate that Al, Co, Fe, Mn, and Ni were controlled by natural source variations, and Cu, Zn, and particularly Pb were anthropogenically enhanced. Labile Pb concentrations, extracted with either dilute HCl or EDTA, reached a maximum of 3,560 mg/kg compared to background values of 〈10 mg/kg. Additionally, 25% of the 169 contaminated samples analyzed had EDTA-extractable Pb enrichment ratios ≥11.5, where a value of 1 separates uncontaminated from contaminated media. Given the proximity of most samples to roadways it is reasonable to conclude that automotive emissions plus vehicle wear were the primary contributors of trace metals to the roadside system. These data are discussed in context with previous work on the fluvial bed sediments in this watershed in an attempt to examine the potential linkage with the biological accumulation of Pb in fish from Manoa watershed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002440010057
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feasibility of a counter-current extraction procedure for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 317-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Soil remediation ; extraction ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Effective remediation and sanitation technologies for soils contaminated with heavy metals are limited. We investigated the feasibility of a counter-current metal extraction procedure for the removal of selected heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ph, and Zn) from two contaminated soils. The process involved a decarbonation (removal of carbonates), acid solubilisation, washing, and liming step. Results from batch equilibration experiments simulating the counter-current process showed more than 85% of the Cd present to be removed. Removal efficiencies for Cu and Pb were limited to approximately 15%, this mainly due to resorption of these elements during the decarbonation step. As most Zn was found to be present in a more difficult acid-extractable solid phase, its extractability accounted for only 25%. While reaction (pH) conditions of both decarbonation and solubilisation determined removal efficiencies, washing the extracted soil with deionized water only slightly increased the amount of metals removed. Metal distribution among solid phases — exchangeable, carbonate, reducible, organically bound, and residual — was affected by the different treatments. The amount of metals contained in the exchangeable and residual fractions determined their extractability. Except for Cu, the reducible and organically bound fractions were less important. After solubilisation 13 to 70% of the metals were present in an exchangeable solid phase. This implicates that washing the solubilized soil with a salt may increase the extractability of metals, especially for Zn and Pb. Based on our results the process is critically evaluated and possibilities for optimization formulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171639
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy Metal Fractionation and Extractability in Dredged Sediment Derived Surface Soils (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 313-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: dredged sediment derived surface soils ; heavy metals ; sedimentdisposal site ; sequential extraction DTPA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to characterise pollution with heavy metals in surface soils sampled at various dredged sediment disposal sites in the Flemish region (Belgium). The sites selected varied in the period since sediment disposal ceased and in current vegetation and land use. Total metal contents (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the surface soils varied widely. For some disposal sites Cd and Zn concentrations greatly exceeded reference values for clean soil. The distribution of the metals as determined by sequential extraction differed between elements, but was simular for all the soils. This suggested that metals in these sediment derived surface soils were accumulated and transformed in a similar way. Residual fractions were low compared to total contents (2 – 4% for Cd, 25% – 35% for Co, 7 – 18% for Mn, 4 – 22% for Zn, 12 – 41% for Ni, 11 – 42% for Pb, 20 – 45% for Cu, 〈 10% for Zn). High metal concentrations in the acid-extractable and reducible fractions may indicate pollution from anthropogenic sources. DTPA-extractable metals, which may be considered indicative of plant-available contents, were relatively high compared to the total contents. The relative extractability, expressed as the ratio of DTPA-extractable to total contents, decreased in the order Cd (38%) 〉 Cu (28%) = Zn (26%) 〉 Pb (13%) 〉 Ni (10%) 〉 Co (3%). Most of the sites studied would be of concern if they were used for agricultural activities. No trends in metal availability in the period following disposal were apparent from the data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004916632457
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy Metal Transport from Dredged Sediment Derived Surface Soils in a Laboratory Rainfall Simulation Experiment (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 73-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; leaching ; mobility ; surface runoff ; percolation ; rainfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metals in dredged sedimentdisposal sites may be transported through runoff andpercolation. In the present study metal fluxes byrunoff and percolation were determined under simulatedrainfall at a slope of 19% and a rainfall intensityof approximately 40 mm h-1. These circumstancescorrespond to half the mean annual erosivity of rainunder Belgian weather conditions. Surface runoff andpercolating water samples were analysed for suspendedsolids, total dissolved carbon and Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn.Runoff rate and sediment yields were highest for asilt loam sediment, characterised by a low clay andorganic matter content. Metal concentrations in runoffand percolating water varied widely between thesediments studied and were related to the total metalcontent in the sediment. In runoff and percolatingwater from the contaminated sediments, metalconcentrations strongly exceeded the Netherlands Areference values for ground water quality. Very highmetal fluxes were observed for the recently oxidiseddredged sediment. Metal transport per unit surfacearea through percolating water was from two to morethan twenty times greater than that in surface runoff.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005140726372
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Model for Evaluating the Feasibility of an Extraction Procedure for Heavy Metal Removal from Contaminated Soils (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 63-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: extraction ; heavy metals ; soil remediation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A model was developed that allowed for the evaluation of a soil metal cleaning technique in a rapid and cost effective manner. Metal flow (Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd) during a counter-current soil-acid extraction procedure, consisting of a decarbonation, solubilisation, and washing step, was determined. Required input data are total soil metal content and metal equilibrium distribution coefficients, derived from batch equilibration experiments. The model was calibrated and validated against experimentally obtained results. Model predictions adequately described metal behaviour and removal in each of the extraction steps. Based on the results, optimum operating conditions for the steps involved in the extraction procedure were determined and the feasibility of the counter-current extraction procedure for heavy metal removal from a contaminated soil evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005077724882
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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