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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ultrastructural study of the cysts in chicken ultimobranchial glands, with special reference to C-cells (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial glands ; Cysts ; C-cells ; Ultrastructure ; Chicken (Gallus gallus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultimobranchial glands of the chicken were examined by electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry using a calcitonin antiserum. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of C-cells, containing numerous secretory granules storing calcitonin, in the luminal lining of cyst-like structures found in these glands. These cells were furnished with prominent microvillar projections at their luminal surface, and the cytoplasm of the apical region was filled with fibril material. Furthermore, the cells contained prominent junctional complexes and desmosomes at their apico-lateral surfaces. In these C-cells, secretory granules were concentrated near the lumen and some were attached to the apical cell membrane. The luminal content of the cysts had a colloid-like and flocculent appearance, and was frequently seen attached to the cytoplasmic projections or apical cell membrane of the C-cells. Since the cysts progressively increase in volume and number with age, it is suggested that they may partly play a role in the storage of excess or unneeded hormonal products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218996
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A histochemical study of the innervation of the cerebral blood vessels in the domestic fowl (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral blood vessels (domestic fowl) ; Adrenergic nerves ; Cholinergic nerves ; Capillary innervation ; Neurogenic vascular control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adrenergic and cholinergic nerves innervating the cerebral arteries of the domestic fowl were examined by specific histochemical techniques. The adrenergic nerve plexuses of the cerebral carotid system are markedly denser than those of other vertebrates observed by similar techniques. They form longitudinally elongated meshworks of fine fibres in the vascular wall of the arterial branches. Those innervating the vertebro-basilar system are less dense and more elongated, and, as the size of the artery diminishes, the fibres of the plexus become coarser. In the small pial and parenchymal arteries they are reduced to a few fibres running parallel to, or spiralling around the vascular axis. The cholinergic nerve plexuses are not as dense as the adrenergic system. The acetylcholinesterase activity is very weak, except in the plexuses innervating the cerebral carotid artery and the proximal portion of the anterior and posterior rami. In the vertebro-basilar system, a few thick nerve bundles run alongside the blood vessels of the vertebral and basilar arteries. Cholinergic nerves enter the cranial cavity along the internal carotid, the vertebral and possibly the cerebro-ethmoidal arteries. Intracerebral capillaries and some arterioles are not innervated with cholinergic and adrenergic fibres of peripheral origin, but with ones arising from parenchymal nerve cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234833
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A histochemical study of the innervation of cerebral blood vessels in the snake (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 143-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral arteries (Snake) ; Neurogenic vascular control ; Adrenergic nervous system ; Cholinergic nervous system ; Capillary innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dual innervation of snake cerebral blood vessels by adrenergic and cholinergic fibres was demonstrated with the use of histochemical methods. Although the nerve plexuses are somewhat less dense, the essential features of innervation of the blood vessels are similar to those of mammals with the exception that the adrenergic plexuses are more prominent than the cholinergic plexuses. The major arteries of the cerebral carotid system have a rich nerve supply. However, the innervation is less rich in the basilar and poor in the spinal (vertebral) arteries. Although the arteries supplying the right side of head are poorly developed, three pairs of arteries, cerebral carotids, ophthalmics and spinals, supply the snake brain. The carotids and ophthalmics are densely innervated and are accompanied by thick nerve bundles, suggesting that the nerves preferentially enter the skull along those arteries. Some parenchymal arterioles are also dually innervated. Connection between the brain parenchyma and intracerebral capillaries via both cholinergic and adrenergic fibres was observed. In addition cholinergic nerve fibres, connecting capillaries and the intramedullary nerve fibre bundles, were noticed. Capillary blood flow may be influenced by both adrenergic and cholinergic central neurons. The walls of capillaries also exhibit heavy acetylcholinesterase activity. This may indicate an important role for the capillary in the regulation of intracerebral blood flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219792
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations of lmmunoreactive somatostatin in thyroid C cells after induced hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, and antithyroid drug treatment (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 211 (1985), S. 34-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In order to elucidate the functional significance of somatostatin in thyroid C cells, the alterations of immunoreactive somatostatin in the cells were investigated under various experimental conditions, i.e., hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, and antithyroid drug treatment. Guinea pigs and rabbits, in which almost all C cells reveal the intense immunoreaction for somatostatin in addition to calcitonin, were used as experimental animals. After chronically induced hypercalcemia, somatostatin immunoreactivity conspicuously diminished coinciding with the decrease of calcitonin; somatostatin as well as calcitonin was responsive to induced hypercalcemia. After hypocalcemic tetany induced by injection of Escherichia coli Lasparaginase, C cells exhibited very intense immunoreactions for both calcitonin and somatostatin. After chronic treatment of ethylenethiourea, immunoreaction of somatostatin in C cells was the same as that of calcitonin. That is, when immunoreactivity for calcitonin remained unchanged, immunoreactivity for somatostatin was also intensive. However, when immunoreaction of calcitonin became very weak, the reaction of somatostatin was also weak. Thus, in all experimental conditions examined the alterations of immunoreactive somatostatin in C cells completely coincided with those of calcitonin. It seems likely that somatostatin in thyroid C cells exerts the synergistic effect on calcitonin action.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092110107
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of immunoreactive keratins in cyst epithelium of chick ultimobranchial glands (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 216 (1986), S. 396-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cyst structures of chick ultimobranchial glands were studied by electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry to characterize the type of intermediate-sized filaments present in the cells lining cyst lumina. Electron microscopy showed that the majority of the lumen-bordering cells contained extensive mesh-works of intermediate-sized (7-11 nm) filaments, many of which were arranged in bundles. Apical regions of C cells directly bordering on cyst lumina were also filled with thinner (5-6 nm) filaments. Immunoperoxidase staining showed that the majority of cyst epithelial cells were stained intensely with anti-keratin antiserum, but not with anti-neurofilament antiserum, which is a specific marker for neuronal differentiation. The cyst epithelium also showed moderate-to-weak immunoreactivity for actin. Subsequently, the differentiation and maturation of cyst structures related to intermediate filament expression wore studied. In 18-day-old chick embryos, keratin immunoreactivity began to appear in the cell clusters destined to form cysts and in the primordial cysts with small cavities. At this time, fine networks of intermediate filaments were already detected in the cells lining the cystic cavities. At 1 day after hatching, the cysts became a consistent feature of ultimobranchial glands. Intermediate filaments associated in bundles were observed, and the intensity of immunostaining for keratins increased. Thereafter, with progressive enlargement of cysts, numbers of intermediate filaments and intensity of keratin immunoreactivity gradually increased with age. Thus, the data indicate that in cyst epithelium keratin filaments are highly organized and may confer the structural strength necessary for cells lining cyst lumina.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092160309
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization and development of immunoreactive triiodothyronine in thyroid glands of dogs and chickens (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 214 (1986), S. 168-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The localization of immunoreactive T3 was investigated in dog and chick thyroid glands either fixed in Bouin's solution or freeze-dried and fixed with paraformaldehyde vapor, and compared with localization of 19S-thyroglobulin. Freeze-drying followed by paraformaldehyde vapor was better for the demonstration of T3 than Bouin's solution; it gave a much stronger immunoreactivity for T3. This fixative was also excellent for the demonstration of thyroglobulin. The immunoreactive T3 was detected only in the colloid and was never observed in the follicular cells, although immunoreactive thyroglobulin was present not only in the colloid but also in the follicular cells. Subsequently, in dog fetuses and chick embryos the appearance and development of immunoreactive T3 were studied. At 40 days of gestation in dog fetuses and at 9 days of egg incubation in chick embryos, immunoreactive T3 was found in the colloid of primordial follicles coinciding with the formation of the colloid. The ability of embryonic thyroid glands to synthesize T3 seems to be linked to the organization of follicles. With progressing development, the follicles stored more colloid and immunoreactive T3 within the follicular lumina. Concentrations of immunoreactive T3 in thyroids from chickens at various stages of development were also studied by radioimmunoassay. The T3 concentration was first detected at 9 days of incubation and gradually increased with embryo age; it was related to the amounts of colloid stored in the follicles.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092140211
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the arteriovenous anastomosis in the rabbit's ear (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 185 (1976), S. 373-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in the arteriovenous anastomosis in the rabbit's ear was studied light microscopically using specific histochemical techniques for catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase.Histochemical observations were made with whole stretch preparations and cryostat or paraffin sections. Both kinds of nerves showed similar distribution, though the adrenergic innervation was denser than the cholinergic one. The intermediate segments of the anastomoses, which were characterized by a very thick wall, had the most dense innervation. The small arteries and arterial segments had a moderate innervation, whereas most of the small veins and venous segments had few nerve fibers.The segmental variation in the vasomotor nerve supply clearly suggests that the intermediate segment has the most active contractility. An unusually rich innervation in the anastomosis, therefore, indicates the significance of the neurogenic mechanisms in the vasomotor control of the anastomosis.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091850309
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Innervation of the C cells of chicken ultimobranchial glands studied by immunohistochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 182 (1988), S. 353-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Innervation of the ultimobranchial glands in the chicken was investigated by immunohistochemistry, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. The nerve fibers distributed in ultimobranchial glands were clearly visualized by immunoperoxidase staining with antiserum to neurofilament triplet proteins (200K-, 150K- and 68K-dalton) extracted from chicken peripheral nerves. The ultimobranchial glands received numerous nerve fibers originating from both the recurrent laryngeal nerves and direct vagal branches. The left and right sides of the ultimobranchial region were asymmetrical. The left ultimobranchial gland had intimate contact with the vagus nerve trunk, especially with the distal vagal ganglion, but was somewhat separated from the recurrent nerve. The right gland touched the recurrent nerve, the medial edge being frequently penetrated by the nerve, but the gland was separated from the vagal trunk. The left gland was innervated mainly by the branches from the distal vagal ganglion, whereas the right gland received mostly the branches from the recurrent nerve. The carotid body was located cranially near to the ultimobranchial gland. Large nerve bundles in the ultimobranchial gland ran toward and entered into the carotid body.By fluorescence microscopy, nerve fibers in ultimobranchial glands were observed associated with blood vessels. Only a few fluorescent nerve fibers were present in close proximity to C cell groups; the C cells of ultimobranchial glands may receive very few adrenergic sympathetic fibers.By electron microscopy, numerous axons ensheathed with Schwann cell cytoplasm were in close contact with the surfaces of C cells. In addition, naked axons regarded as axon terminals or “en passant” synapses came into direct contact with C cells. The morphology of these axon terminals and synaptic endings suggest that ultimobranchial C cells of chickens are supplied mainly with cholinergic efferent type fibers. In the region where large nerve bundles and complex ramifications of nerve fibers were present, Schwann cell perikarya investing the axons were closely juxtaposed with C cells; long cytoplasmic processes of Schwann cells encompassed large portions of the cell surface. All of these features suggest that C-cell activity, i.e., secretion of hormones and catecholamines, may be regulated by nerve stimu1i.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001820407
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