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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Talvitie's reply (1997)
    Springer
    Transportation 24 (1997), S. 49-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017964010030
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A direct demand model for downtown work trips (1973)
    Springer
    Transportation 2 (1973), S. 121-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This article documents the development of a direct travel demand model for bus and rail modes. In the model, the number of interzonal work trips is dependent on travel times and travel costs on each available mode, size and socioeconomic characteristics of the labor force, and the number of jobs. In estimating the models’ coefficients constraints are imposed to insure that the travel demand elasticities behave according to the economic theory of consumer behavior. The direct access time elasticities for both transit modes are estimated to be approximately minus two, and the direct linehaul time elasticities approximately minus one. The cross-elasticities with respect to the travel time components are estimated to be less than the corresponding direct elasticities. In general, the time cross-elasticities are such that rail trip characteristics but not car trip characteristics affect bus travel, and car trip characteristics but not bus trip characteristics affect rail travel. The cost elasticities lie between zero and one-half. Thus, the success of mass transit serving a strong downtown appears to depend on good access arrangements. This success can be confirmed with competitive linehaul speeds. The cost of travel appears to assume a minor role in choice of mode and tripmaking decisions. In the paper, a comparison is also made between the predictive performance of the models developed and that of a traditional transit model. The results indicate that the econometric models developed attain both lower percent error and lower variation of the error than the traditional model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02428556
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A direct demand model for downtown work trips (1973)
    Springer
    Transportation 2 (1973), S. I 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This article documents the development of a direct travel demand model for bus and rail modes. In the model, the number of interzonal work trips is dependent on travel times and travel costs on each available mode, size and socioeconomic characteristics of the labor force, and the number of jobs. In estimating the models’ coefficients constraints are imposed to insure that the travel demand elasticities behave according to the economic theory of consumer behavior. The direct access time elasticities for both transit modes are estimated to be approximately minus two, and the direct linehaul time elasticities approximately minus one. The cross-elasticities with respect to the travel time components are estimated to be less than the corresponding direct elasticities. In general, the time cross-elasticities are such that rail trip characteristics but not car trip characteristics affect bus travel, and car trip characteristics but not bus trip characteristics affect rail travel. The cost elasticities lie between zero and one-half. Thus, the success of mass transit serving a strong downtown appears to depend on good access arrangements. This success can be confirmed with competitive linehaul speeds. The cost of travel appears to assume a minor role in choice of mode and tripmaking decisions. In the paper, a comparison is also made between the predictive performance of the models developed and that of a traditional transit model. The results indicate that the econometric models developed attain both lower percent error and lower variation of the error than the traditional model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02428561
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Things planners believe in, and things they deny (1997)
    Springer
    Transportation 24 (1997), S. 1-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: travel demand ; planning ; public policy ; utility maximization ; psychoanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The paper examines the economic theory of consumer behavior from the Modern Psychoanalytic point of view with a metaphor of (transport) planning as a backdrop. It is claimed that the utility maximization principle of economic theory, no matter how broadly interpreted, does not envelop the motivation of human behavior and that the economic explanation of the aims of human behavior, which disregards the "dark side" of man, will result in narrowly conceived plans and policies. The application of economic theory, and other social sciences, to public policy has led to disjointedness of data collection, method of analysis, and planning and implementation. This, combined with a tautological behavioral theory, has made the current planning and public policy procedures self-verifying, and issues an invitation for a new theoretical approach which is comprehensive, does not ignore complexity and the large "error term", and appreciates the unity of data collection, method of investigation, and process of implementation. It is argued that unsatisfactory performance of the transport system, large errors inherent in data and models, the inability of extant transportation planning and policy to address key issues successfully, the environmental problem, and the value of the individual all call for new kinds of skills from the planners and policy makers. Freud's dualistic formulation of instinctual drives -- the life and death instincts -- is used as the new framework of explanation. This theory is seen to offer a convincing, more realistic and deeper understanding of the forces motivating human behavior, and one which is more in accordance with observable facts. If applied, the theory will lead to significantly different planning processes and to a profoundly different approach to public policy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017957016112
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance indicators for the road sector (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 5-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: management ; performance indicators ; roads administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Seeing the trend for public accountability of road administrations and noting the many reform efforts undertaken in transport sectors around the world, the OECD established a Scientific Expert Group on Performance Indicators for the Road Sector in 1996 to provide its member countries a framework for assessing road administrations' performance. The results of the Expert Group's work is presented in this paper. Fifteen indispensable, forty primary, and thirty-five secondary indicators are proposed to portray the road sector from different perspectives. They are designed to be changed in response to human needs and technological development and supplemented by country specific indicators. In keeping with this approach and in support of one of the maxims of the Expert Group that 'useful performance indicators are those which are used', an application in the form of a Field Test is now in progress by an OECD task force. The Performance Indicators proposed are grounded in a mental model adopted by the Expert Group. This model is management by results model, and is useful as a theoretical tool in the many highly fluid contexts in which restructuring is moving forward. In the model, the products and services are judged by standards or criteria; outcomes – derivatives of products and services through user interface – are judged relative to objectives and user satisfaction. The achievement of objectives, however, is not proposed as the only or even primary basis of evaluation. The situation is more abstract and complex. Therefore, the various uses of Performance Indicators – including the opportunities to assist road administrations in becoming learning organizations – are given much emphasis in the paper. The views and conclusions in the paper are those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank or its affiliated organizations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005152400108
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New models for financing and managing highways: asset-based road corporations in China (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 67-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: China ; financing ; road administration ; toll roads
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The China International Engineering Consulting Corporation undertook, in 1997, the study of Viability of Asset Based Road Corporations in China as part of the World Bank's transport sector program review. The purpose was to investigate, in a case study format, road administration in China with two specific objectives: to compare (toll) road management in different provinces and to investigate the financial viability of China's toll roads. This paper shows that the three case projects studied, each having different management structures, are all financially viable given the present financing arrangements. However, should the projects be immediately subject to market interest rates and loan maturities prevailing in China today, their financial viability would be uncertain. In a broader context, the World Bank's lending program has enabled China to experiment with different kinds of toll road management structures. These models have both advantages and disadvantages and seem to fit that province's political economic environment in which they are employed. The toll roads and, especially, the impacts of the toll road management and financing arrangements on road administration present challenges to road administration rarely faced even in the developed countries. The challenges involve questions of the congruence of public good and private interest, as well as the role of planning and public accountability – all serious questions as China moves forward in development. These questions are raised in the context of the case studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005164117855
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restructuring of road administrations: a paradigm shift (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 1-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005172923602
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specification, transferability and the effect of data outliers in modeling the choice of mode in urban travel (1978)
    Springer
    Transportation 7 (1978), S. 311-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Three problems of great importance to urban travel demand modeling using multinominal logit models are examined in this paper. They are (1) the effect of data outliers on model coefficients; (2) the effect of model specification on coefficients and model explanatory power; and (3) the transferability of model coefficients within the region, between regions, and in time. Four data sets are used in the study. They are: Washington, D.C., Minneapolis-St. Paul, and two data sets from the San Francisco Bay Area, Pre-BART and Post-BART. The data are standard home-interview survey data appended with network supplied modal travel cost and time information. The findings of the research are occasionally contradictory; the majority of the evidence supports the following conclusions. The “outliers” do not have a statistically significant effect (at 0.05 level) on the coefficients; however, the outliers can have a substantial effect on the point estimates of some of the coefficients. Model specification has an impact on model coefficients and model explanatory power. In particular, the definition of out-of-vehicle travel time appears to be important and, if available, the use of separate walk and wait times is preferred over their sum, the out-of-vehicle time. Finally, the model coefficients do not appear transferable within region, between regions, or in time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165500
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anreicherung der Enantiomeren, Circulardichroismus und absolute Konfiguration vonN,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyldithiooxamid (1983)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 114 (1983), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Chromatography, liquid, on triacetylcellulose ; Circular dichroism ; Configuration, absolute ; 1H-N M R, in the presence of an optically active auxiliary ; Rotation hindered, about a =C—C= bond ; N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyldithiooxamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (+)- and (−)-1 (N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyldithiooxamide) were enriched by semipreparative liquid chromatography on triacetylcellulose. According to1HNMR in the presence of an optically active auxiliary, the sample of (+)365-1 had an enantiomeric purity of 0,50±0,01, thus permitting to calculate the CD spectrum for the pure enantiomer. The CD and UV spectra are discussed in terms of qualitative MO theory. Thereby, the absolute configuration of (+)365-1 is determined to be (R).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00809380
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermochromic Furofurans. IV. Approach to the synthesis of bridgehead substituted furo[3,2-b]furans and side products of McMurry reactions (1996)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 338 (1996), S. 140-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Substituted dihydroxystilbenes 2 are suitable starting materials for the synthesis of photochromic systems derived from 3/4. Attempts to couple the naphthones 8a-8e by the McMurry reaction with TiCl3/LiAlH4 yielded mainly reduction products such as 8f, g or 9. However, the furofuran 3b was isolated when using the zinc-copper couple for reduction. The helicene 11 was formed as an unexpected by-product in the McMurry reaction of the pivaloylnaphthalene 8d.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19963380127
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