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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological and neurochemical identification of enteric neurones with mucosal projections in the human small intestine (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 76 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Data on the axonal projections of enteric neurones in the human intestine are still scarce. The present study aimed to identify the morphology and neurochemical coding of enteric neurones in the human small intestine, which are involved in the innervation of the mucosa. The lipophilic neuronal tracer DiI was applied to one mucosal villus of small intestinal resection specimens. The tissue was kept in organotypic culture and subsequently processed for immunohistochemistry. Neurones labelled from the mucosa were located in all ganglionated nerve networks, including the myenteric plexus. In all plexuses, at least five neurochemical types of neurones could be observed, i.e. SOM-IR neurones, SP-IR neurones, SOM/SP-IR neurones, VIP-IR neurones and neurones lacking immunoreactivity for any of these markers. Most of the DiI-labelled neurones were multidendritic; a minority of neurones could be identified as Dogiel type II cells, suggesting the existence of a subgroup of primary afferent neurones in the DiI-filled cell population. The ratio of labelled multidendritic neurones (assumed to be secretomotor) to labelled Dogiel type II neurones (assumed to be primary afferent) in the myenteric plexus is higher in large mammals (pig and human) than in small mammals (guinea pig). This might point to the existence of a different topographical distribution of subsets of primary afferent neurones and/or topographically distinct intrinsic mucosal reflex circuits in large mammals, including humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00032.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DIE BEMESSUNG VON STEUERN AUF UNTERNEHMENSGEWINNE IN DEN LÄNDERN DER EUROPÄISCHEN WIRTSCHAFTSGEMEINSCHAFT (1967)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 20 (1967), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1967.tb02417.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disrupted function and axonal distribution of mutant tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase in dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 38 (2006), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathies are common disorders of the peripheral nervous system caused by demyelination or axonal degeneration, or a combination of both features. We previously assigned the locus for autosomal dominant intermediate CMT neuropathy type C (DI-CMTC) to chromosome ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1727
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of enteric neuronal morphology as demonstrated by DiI-tracing under different tissue-handling conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 199 (1999), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Enteric nervous system ; Innervation ; Intestine ; Mucosa ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to determine locations and morphologies of enteric neurons innervating the small intestinal mucosa of the pig after application of the carbocyanine tracer DiI onto a single villus. The tissue was processed in two ways: incubation (1) of fixed material (postmortem tracing) for several months and (2) of living specimens within organotypic culture in vitro for several days (supravital tracing). In both procedures DiI-labelled neurons were found in the three ganglionated plexuses, the internal and external submucous plexus as well as the myenteric plexus. Postmortem tracing revealed different neuronal morphologies. Adendritic type II neurons were present in all three plexuses, type IV neurons with short, scarcely branched, polarly emerging dendrites were mainly found in the myenteric plexus and small dendritic neurons were mainly present in the internal submucous plexus. The latter may correspond to minineurons hitherto described only immunohistochemically. Tracing within tissue culture showed somata of neurons and, partly, proximal segments of processes to be labelled. Subsequent immunohistochemistry using general neuronal markers revealed some neurons to be adendritic type II neurons. Visualization of dendrites was less clear, hampering an accurate morphological classification of dendritic neurons. Our results suggest that neurons of all ganglionated enteric nerve plexuses of the pig participate in the innervation of the mucosa, and that postmortem tracing revealed enteric neuronal morphology more clearly than supravital tracing. Since the former method cannot be applied for deciphering the chemical coding of enteric neurons, combination of both methods will extend our knowledge of the morphological substrate for the intrinsic neuronal microcircuits in the gastrointestinal tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050209
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and morphological features of nitrergic neurons in the porcine large intestine (1993)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 100 (1993), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the presumed non-adrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO), was demonstrated in the enteric nervous system of the porcine caecum, colon and rectum. Techniques used were NOS-immunocytochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd)-histochemistry. Throughout the entire large intestine, NOS-immunoreactive (IR) and NADPHd-positive neurons were abundant in the myenteric and outer submucous plexus. In the inner submucous plexus, only a small number of positive neurons were found in the caecum and colon, while a moderate number was observed in the rectum. The nitrergic neurons in the porcine enteric nerve plexuses were of a range of sizes and shapes, with a small proportion showing immunostaining for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Varicose and non-varicose NOS-IR and NADPHd-positive nerve fibres were present in the ganglia and connecting strands of all three plexuses. Nerve fibres were also numerous in the circular muscle layer, scarce in the longitudinal muscle coat and negligible in the mucosal region. The abundance of NOS/NADPHd in the intrinsic innervation of the caecum, colon and rectum of the pig implicates NO as an important neuronal messenger in these regions of the gastrointestinal tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00268875
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projections of neurochemically specified neurons in the porcine colon (1995)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 103 (1995), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The intramural projections of nerve cells containing serotonin (5-HT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and nitric oxide synthase or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NOS/NADPHd) were studied in the ascending colon of 5- to 6-week-old pigs by means of immunocytochemistry and histochemistry in combination with myectomy experiments. In control tissue of untreated animals, positive nerve cells and fibres were common in the myenteric and outer submucous plexus and, except for 5-HT-positive perikarya, immunoreactive cell bodies and fibres were also observed in the inner submucous plexus. VIP- and NOS/NADPHd-positive nerve fibres occurred in the ciruclar muscle layer while VIP was also abundant in nerve fibres of the mucosal layer. 5-HT- and CGRP-positive nerve fibres were virtually absent from the aganglionic nerve networks. In the submucosal layer, numerous paravascular CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres were encountered. Myectomy studies revealed that 5-HT-, CGRP-, VIP- and NOS/NADPHd-positive myenteric neurons all displayed anal projections within the myenteric plexus. In addition, some of the serotonergic myenteric neurons projected anally to the outer submucous plexus, whereas a great number of the VIP-ergic and nitrergic myenteric neurons send their axons towards the circular muscle layer. The possible function of these nerve cells in descending nerve pathways in the porcine colon is discussed in relation to the distribution pattern of their perikarya and processes and some of their morphological characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01454008
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical characteristics of nerve fibres supplying the porcine vas deferens. A colocalisation study (1997)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 107 (1997), S. 229-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Double-labelling immunofluorescence was used to investigate the coexistence of the catecholamine-synthesising enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase and several neuropeptides including neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, Leu5-enkephalin, somatostatin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in nerve fibres supplying the vas deferens in juvenile and adult pigs. The study has revealed three major populations of nerve terminals innervating the organ: (1) noradrenergic fibres; (2) non-noradrenergic (putative cholinergic) fibres containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y and somatostatin, supplying almost exclusively the lamina propria; and (3) non-noradrenergic, presumably sensory fibres, containing calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P. The population of noradrenergic nerves can be divided into three subpopulations: a somatostatin-containing, a Leu5-enkephalin-containing and a subpopulation immunonegative to the peptides investigated, in descending order of magnitude. Coexistence patterns of the substances existing within nerve fibres supplying the vas deferens blood vessels are clearly different from those found in nerve fibres innervating the organ wall. The majority of the noradrenergic fibres associated with blood vessels contain neuropeptide Y only, while non-noradrenergic perivascular nerves contain predominantly vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The possibility of different sources of origin of the particular nerve fibre subpopulations supplying the porcine vas deferens and its blood vessels is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004180050108
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical properties of nerve fibres supplying accessory male genital glands in the pig. A colocalisation study (1999)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 111 (1999), S. 217-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Immunohistochemical studies have been performed to investigate the occurrence and coexistence of two catecholamine-synthesising enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and several neuropeptides, including neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, Leu5-enkephalin, somatostatin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, in nerve fibres supplying porcine accessory genital glands, the seminal vesicles, prostate (body and the disseminated part) and bulbourethral glands. Three major populations of nerve fibres supplying non-vascular elements of the glands have been distinguished (from the largest to the smallest one): (1) noradrenergic fibres, the majority of which contain Leu5-enkephalin, neuropeptide Y or, to a lesser extent, somatostatin, (2) non-noradrenergic, putative cholinergic fibres containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y and/or somatostatin and, (3) non-noradrenergic, presumably sensory fibres, containing calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P. Whilst the coexistence patterns within nerves supplying particular glands are similar, the density of innervation varies between the organs. The innervation of the seminal vesicles and prostatic body is more developed than that of the disseminated part of the prostate and bulbourethral glands. The majority of noradrenergic fibres related to blood vessels contain neuropeptide Y only, while the non-noradrenergic nerves contain mainly vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The possible function and origin of particular nerve fibre populations are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004180050351
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuron-specific enolase and S-100 protein immunohistochemistry for defining the structure and topographical relationship of the different enteric nerve plexuses in the small intestine of the pig (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 65-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuron-specific enolase ; S-100 protein ; Enteric nervous system ; Small intestine ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological and topographical features of the intramural enteric nervous system in the small intestine of the pig has been studied on whole mounts by means of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein immu-nohistochemistry. A clear visualization of the myenteric plexus allows the recognition of its characteristic morphology, including the thin tertiary plexus coursing within the smooth muscle layers. In the tela submucosa two ganglionated plexuses, each with its own specific characteristics, can clearly be demonstrated: (1) the plexus submucosus externus (Schabadasch) located near the inner surface of the circular muscle layer at the abluminal side of the submucosal vascular arcades, and (2) the plexus submucosus internus (Meissner) close to the outer surface of the lamina muscularis mucosae at the luminal side of the submucosal vascular arcades. Due to the possibility to trace clearly the perivascular plexuses of these vascular arcades by use of immunohistochemical techniques with antibodies to NSE and S-100 protein, the two submucosal nerve plexuses can be demonstrated with exceptional clarity. This is the first report of an investigation of the intramural nerve plexuses of the small intestine of the pig using the NSE and S-100 immunostaining methods, which is sufficiently detailed to substantiate the characteristic topography and structure of the two submucosal plexuses and their relation to the smooth muscle layers and perivascular plexuses. The level of NSE immunoreactivity for enteric neurons displays great variation, a substantial proportion of the type-II neurons appearing strongly stained. Although little is known of the specific function of these enzymes, proposals are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224719
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and immunohistochemical characteristics of neurons in the porcine caudal mesenteric ganglion projecting to the vas deferens and seminal vesicle (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 59-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vas deferens ; Seminal vesicle ; Neuopeptides ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Caudal mesenteric ganglion ; Retrograde tracing ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Combined retrograde tracing (using fluorescent tracer Fast Blue) and double-labelling immunofluorescence were used to study the distribution and immunohistochemical characteristics of neurons in the porcine caudal mesenteric ganglion projecting to the vas deferens and seminal vesicle. The distribution and immunohistochemical properties of neurons projecting to both organs were similar. As revealed by retrograde tracing, Fast Blue-positive neurons were located within the left and right ganglia, with a distinct predominance in the ipsilateral one. In the ipsilateral ganglion, the majority of the neurons were located caudally, along the dorso-lateral ganglionic border, suggesting a somatotopic organization of the ganglion. Immunohistochemistry revealed four populations of retrogradely labelled neurons (from the largest to the smaller one): tyrosine hydroxylase-positive/neuropeptide Y-negative (TH+/NPY-), TH+/NPY+, TH-/NPY-, TH-/NPY+. With respect to their surrounding nerve fibres, two subpopulations of the dye-labelled neurons could be distinguished. The small one consisted of solitary neurons receiving a strong calcitonin gene-related peptide- and Leu5-enkephalin-, and a less intense vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive innervation. The remaining neurons were poorly supplied by singular nerve fibres containing some of the investigated peptides. We conclude that the caudal mesenteric ganglion should be considered as a prominent source of adrenergic and/or NPY-positive innervation for the porcine male reproductive tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319133
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