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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transfer of DDT and Metabolites from Fruit Orchard Soils to American Robins (Turdus migratorius) Twenty Years After Agricultural Use of DDT in Canada (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 39 (2000), S. 205-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wildlife contamination studies found high levels of DDT and associated metabolites in bird eggs from Canadian orchard sites during the early 1990s. The present study investigated local dietary uptake of DDT and geographic variability in tissue concentrations in the same orchards. A soil–earthworm–robin food chain was chosen for study, as early surveys showed that robins contained the highest levels of DDT of several avian species and because published research indicated that earthworms were a probable dietary exposure route. Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs were measured in soil, earthworm, robin egg, and robin nestling samples collected from fruit orchards and reference sites. High average DDE (soil: 5.2 mg/kg; earthworm: 52 mg/kg; robin egg: 484 mg/kg dry weight) and DDT (soil: 9.2 mg/kg; earthworm: 21 mg/kg; robin egg: 73 mg/kg dry weight) concentrations in Okanagan (British Columbia) samples confirmed that previously recorded contamination was common in the region. Concentrations detected in Simcoe, Ontario, orchards were not as high but were still significantly elevated relative to levels in soils and robins from reference areas. Significant positive linear regressions between soil and earthworm concentrations and consistent trends in food chain accumulation suggested that robins were acquiring DDT and metabolite (DDTr) burdens locally. Low concentrations of DDT and DDTr in robin eggs collected from nests in nearby nonorchard and post-DDT orchard habitats suggested that the local sources were in orchards. Persistence of DDT in orchard food chains is likely due to a combination of retarded degradation rates for DDT in soil and its extensive use historically. DDT concentrations in some robin eggs and earthworms were at levels comparable to those observed in field studies where mortality or reproductive effects occurred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002440010098
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of six insecticides and a fungicide on the numbers and biomass of earthworms in pasture (1974)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 12 (1974), S. 487-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01684987
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dispersal ofAleochara bilineata [Col.: Staphylinidae] following inundative releases in urban gardens (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Staphylinidae ; Aleochara bilineata ; beneficial arthropods ; dispersal ; predation ; biological control ; arthropodes utiles ; dissémination ; prédation ; lutte biologique ; Staphylinidae ; Aleochara bilineata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] est un prédateur et un parasite courants de la mouche des racines [Diptera: Anthomyiidae] dans les cultures commerciales et les jardins potagers. Pour évaluer l'activité de dissémination deA. bilineata dans les jardins potagers, on a lâché des coléoptères marqués à raison de 0 et de 1000 en 1987, et de 0, 250, 500, et 1000/jardin potager/semaine en 1988. Trois pour cent des coléoptères ainsi marqués ont été recapturés dans les jardins potagers d'origine. Les populations naturelles deA. bilineata sont très faibles dans tous les jardins potagers et on ne constate aucune augmentation décelable de 1987 à 1988. Les recaptures sont proportionnelles aux taux de lâchers. On n'observe aucune différence significative dans les taux de recapture entre les sexes. Les recaptures et les distributions non uniformes deA. bilineata marqués dans les jardins potagers révèlent qu'ils ont pu voler au moins à 5 km de distance dans les conditions urbaines et choisir certains jardins plutôt que d'autres comme emplacements propices à l'accouplement, la quête de nourriture et l'oviposition.
    Notes: Abstract Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] is a common predator and endoparasite of root maggot [Diptera: Anthomyiidae] in both commercial crops and home gardens. To test dispersal activity ofA. bilineata in home gardens, marked beetles were released at rates of 0 and 1,000 in 1987 and 0, 250, 500, and 1,000/gardens/wk in 1988. Three percent of marked beetles were recaptured in release gardens. NaturalA. bilineata populations were very small in all gardens, and there was no detectable increase from 1987 to 1988. Recaptures were proportional to release rates. There was no significant difference in recapture rates between sexes. Recaptures and non-uniform distributions of markedA. bilineata in control gardens revealed that they were capable of flying at least 5 km under urban conditions, and of selecting particular gardens as suitable mating, foraging, and oviposition sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372974
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predatory behaviour ofScatophaga stercoraria under laboratory conditions (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 205-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Scatophagidae ; Scatophaga stercoraria ; predatory behaviour ; beneficial arthropod ; onion maggot ; Scatophagidae ; Scatophaga stercoraria ; comportement prédateur ; arthropodes utiles ; mouche de l'oignon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences en laboratoire ont permis d'évaluer l'efficacité deScatophaga stercoraria (L.) comme prédateur de diverses espèces de proie. On a comparé les photophases, les âges et les ratios sexuels de prédateurs et les effets de la présence de crottes sur les taux de prédation au moyen de comptages des cadavres de proie, d'observations éthologiques et de taux d'oviposition. Les mâles tuent régulièrement plus de proies que les femelles, mais les plus longues photophases n'augmentent pas significativement les taux de prédation quotidiens. Les mouches âgées de 9 à 10 jours qui approchent de la maturité sexuelle réalisent les plus forts taux de prédation. La présence de crottes influe davantage sur le comportement prédateur des mâles sexuellement matures que sur celui des femelles, alors que les mouches immatures ne montrent aucune réaction à la présence de crottes. Le préconditionnement deS. stercoraria adulte au moyen de trois espèces de proie de diverses tailles n'influe pas sur la taille de la proie choisie au cours des expériences de choix aléatoire subséquentes. Les deux sexes deS. stercoraria préfèrent les plus grandes espèces de proie commeMusca domestica (L.) ouDelia antiqua (Meigen).S. stercoraria pourrait s'avérer un prédateur utile pour les futures techniques de lutte anti-parasitaire intégrée dans les cultures maraîchères et pour lutter contre les mouches domestiques dans les étables.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments tested the effectiveness ofScatophaga stercoraria (L.) as a predator of various insect species. Photophases, ages and gender of predators and effects of dung presence on predation rates were compared for either sex using counts of prey cadavers, behavioral observations and oviposition rates. Males consistently killed more prey than females, but longer photophases did not significantly increase daily predation rates. Nine to 10-day-old flies approaching sexual maturity achieved highest predation rates. Dung was found to affect predatory behaviour but not cumulative predation. Predatory behaviour of sexually mature males was more affected than female behaviour by the presence of dung, whereas sexually immatures flies showed no response to dung presence. Preconditioning ofS. stercoraria adults using 3 prey species of different sizes did not affect the prey chosen in subsequent random choice experiments. Larger prey species such asMusca domestica (L.) orDelia antiqua (Meigen) were preferred toDrosophila sp. by both sexes ofS. stercoraria. This species may be a useful predator for future integrated pest management techniques in vegetable crops or control of house flies in barns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372419
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DDT in forest streams (1971)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 5 (1971), S. 479-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Water was sampled from a tributary of the Miramichi River of New Brunswick before, during, and up to two years after the final operational application of DDT to this area of forest. Gas chromatographic analysis of petroleum ether extracts of the water showed that only during and for a few hours after actual spray application did the DDT concentration in the stream exceed a steady background level of 0.5 ppb. pp 'DDT (〈17 ppb.), and this DDT flush occurred mainly as a surface film associated with the formulating oil. Bottom sediments, extracted with hexane-acetone (2/1) for chromatographic analysis, showed a downstream dilution gradient of DDT residue from tributary to estuary, and these averaged only 12.5 per cent of the DDT concentration found in the soils of surrounding forests. Much of the pp' DDT applied in the original technical spray was decomposed to DDE and DDD in the bottom sediments of forest streams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539975
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Faunal effects on the distribution of gamma emitting radionuclides in four forested soils (1991)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 57-58 (1991), S. 521-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Four forested, well drained surface horizons of soils representing the range of textures located in the Lake Erie Basin of Southern Ontario were sampled in 1 cm increments to a depth of 15 cm. Gamma emitting radionuclides of natural sources, 40K, 214Bi (238U daughter), and 208Tl (232Th daughter), are distributed as a function of texture over the 15 cm depth. Increasing clay content results in increased retention of these isotopes. The 40K distribution is a result of the amount of organic carbon present. Increased organic carbon results in increased weathering and lower 40K values. Differing earthworm activity results in distinct distributions of 137Cs, a gamma emitting radionuclide from bomb fallout, within the four soils. Larger numbers and biomass of anecic earthworms in finer textured soils result in a linear distribution of 137Cs with depth. Endogeous species in the coarsest textured soil result in little incorporation of 137Cs with depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282916
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