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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 321 (1970), S. 346-363 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Central Chemoreceptors ; Control of Respiration ; Liquor cerebrospinalis ; zentrale Chemoreceptoren ; Atmungs regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die ventrale Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata flach narkotisierter Katzen wurde mit künstlichem Liquor cerebrospinalis, der unterschiedliche Kaliumkonzentrationen oder 2% Novocain enthielt, überströmt. In einigen Versuchen ermöglichte eine in der Mittellinie der Medulla aufgeklebte Trennwand aus Gelitta Tampon die getrennte Perfusion beider Häften der Oberfläche mit unterschiedlichen Lösungen. Die Ausschaltung verschiedener Schichten der Medulla oblongata wurde durch Beobachtung der Antwort auf elektrische Reize in verschiedenen Tiefen des Gewebes an einer Stelle medial der Hypoglossuswurzel und 3 mm lateral der Mittellinie geprüft. 1. Sowohl 100 meq/l Kalium wie auch 2% Novocain in der Überströmungs-flüssigkeit verursachen nach 50–650 sec Atemstillstand. 2. Gleichzeitige Überströmung einer Hälfte der Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata mit Lösungen hoher Kaliumkonzentration (100 meq/l), der anderen Hälfte mit Referenzlösungen (K+ 5 meq/l; pH 6.9) führt zu einer Verminderung der Atmung um mehr als 50% oder zu Atemstillstand. 3. Elektrische Reizung (1 V; 60 sec−1) 200 μ unter der Oberfläche verursacht eine geringe inspiratorische Verschiebung der Atemlage, später auch eine Vergrößerung des Atemzugvolumens und der Frequenz. Diese Antwort verschwindet während Überströmung mit hohen Kaliumkonzentrationen etwa zu der Zeit, zu der Atemstillstand eintritt. 4. Die Antwort auf elektrische Reize (0,5 V; 60 sec−1) in 1,5 mm Tiefe — eine starke Inspiration mit anschließender Apneusis in extremer Inspirationsstellung —überdauert den durch Kalium ausgelösten Atemstillstand um mehrere Minuten. 5. Hohe Kaliumkonzentraionen (100 meq/l) verursachen, nach vorübergehendem Blutdruckabfall einen Blutdruckanstieg über das Kontrollniveau, während Novocainüberströmung, zu einer Blutdrucksenkung führt, die bis zum Auswaschen der Substanz bestehen bleibt. Aus diesen Beobachtungen kann geschlossen werden, daß Kaliumionen im Extracellulärraum des Gehirngewebes rasch diffundieren können. Ihre Wirkung auf die Atmung lassen sich jedoch nicht durch direkte Beeinflussung der Atemzentren allein erklären; es konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese noch erregbar sind, wenn die Atmung bereits zum Stillstand gekommen ist. Beim peripher denervierten Tier (Sinusnerven durchtrennt) wird die Atmung durch Strukturen aufrechterhalten, die nicht mit den Atemzentren identisch, und nahe der ventralen Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata gelegen sind. Zusätzlich müssen kreislaufaktive Strukturen mit ähnlicher Lokalisation angenommen werden.
    Notes: Summary In cats lightly anesthetized with chloralose-urethane, the ventral surface of the medulla was perfused with mock CSF of different potassium concentrations, or with solutions containing 2% procaine. In some experiments a wall of gelatin foam glued onto the midline of the medulla allowed a separate perfusion of either half of the medullary surface. To study the blockade of different layers of the medullary tissue, electrical stimuli were applied at varying depths from the ventral surface, at a spot located medially from the roots of the hypoglossal nerve and 3 mm laterally from the midline. 1. Both potassium at 100 meq/l, and 2% procaine, cause respiratory arrest after 50–650 sec when perfused over the ventral medullary surface. 2. Perfusion of one half of the ventral medullary surface with potassium at 100 meq/l, the opposite half being perfused simultaneously with reference solution, causes a decrease in ventilation of more than 50% and in some cases respiratory arrest. 3. Electrical stimuli (1 V; 60 sec−1) 200 μ below the surface cause a slight inspiratory displacement of the respiratory leve, and later an increase in tidal volume and frequency. When the medullary surface is perfused either with the solution of high potassium concentration, or with 2% procaine, the response to these stimuli disappears at about the time of respiratory arrest. 4. The response to electrical stimuli (0.5 V; 60 sec−1) applied 1.5 mm below the surface — a vigorous inspiration followed by apneusis in extreme inspiratory position — outlasts for several minutes the respiratory arrest induced by perfusion with 100 meq/l potassium. 5. Potassium at 100 meq/l causes a transitory fall in blood pressure; later the blood pressure rises above the control level During perfusion with 2% procaine, the blood pressure usually decreases and remains on this low level until the drug is washed out. It is concluded that potassium ions readily diffuse through the extracellular spaces of the medullary tissue. Ther immediate effects on respiration cannot, however, be explained by a direct influence on the respiratory centres since these have been demonstrated to be still responding to stimuli after respiration has ceased. In the peripherally denervated animal (carotid nerves sectioned) ventilation is maintained by the activity of structures located near the ventral surface of the medulla which are not identical with the respiratory centres. In addition, structures which are involved in the control of circulation have to be assumed at a similar location.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Respiratory Center ; Inspiratory Half Center ; Expiratory Half Center ; Respiratory Afferent Pathways ; Respiratory Efferent Pathways
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medulla oblongata of cats was exposed from the ventral surface and the effects of superficial and intramedullary submaximal stimulation with a unipolar electrode (40/sec, 1 msec, 1–4 V) on respiration were investigated. The response pattern was analysed with respect to reaction types. The observed ventilatory response was then mapped into medullary sections. Confirming the evidence of the older literature it was thus demonstrated that the ‘respiratory center’ may be functionally demarcated into ‘inspiratory’ and ‘expiratory’ structures. New data on their locations are presented. At the transition between them there was some overlapping of the effects. The data suggest, however, macroscopic grouping of inspiratory and of expiratory structures rather than a mixing of inspiratory and expiratory units on a cellular level as may have been concluded from some studies of the spike activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Medulla oblongata ; Vasomotor Tone ; Heart Rate ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medulla oblongata of cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethane was exposed from the ventral side and systematically explored in three coordinates by stimulation (rectangular stimuli 1 msec, 40/sec, 1–4V) with unipolar electrodes. The responses of arterial pressure and of heart rate were determined and mapped similarly to the respiratory responses in the preceding paper (Trouthet al., 1973 a,b). A vast preponderance of vasopressor points was found, whereas vasodepressor points showed a sparse and less consistent distribution with a maximum effect in the neighborhood of the expiratory half center. Pressor effects were obtained from most of the reticular nuclei, the gratest effects being observed in the nucleus parvocellularis. The heart rate was usually influenced to a minor degree only and very often in the opposite direction to the arterial pressure. Only at one point (2 mm rostral, 2 mm lateral, 3–4 mm deep) was the heart rate clearly diminished simultaneously with a strong depression of arterial pressure. More caudally the vasopressor area migrates to the lateral part of the medulla. Pressor effects from very superficial structures beneath the ventral surface have been observed in a rostral and lateral location corresponding to the area described by Mitchellet al. (1963a, b) and medially of the hypoglossal roots in the area described by Loeschckeet al. (1970). These areas, however, are not clearly separated from deep structures yielding vasomotor effects as is the case with the respiratory responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Chemosensitive Areas ; Control of Respiration ; Medulla oblongata ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The region on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata (see preceding communication) responding maximally to both electrical and chemical stimulation by inducing an increase of ventilation was marked electrolytically and examined histologically. A characteristic group of large multipolar nerve cells was always found at the spot marked by electrolysis. These cells are located medial to the hypoglossal roots and ventral to the inferior olive which separates them from the respiratory centers. The cells are distributed at a distance of 8–450 μm from the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, the greatest concentration being located at 150–200 μm beneath the surface. The possible role of these cells in the central chemical respiratory drive is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Chemosensitive Areas ; Control of Respiration ; Medulla oblongata ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medulla oblongata of cats anesthetized with Chloralose-Urethane was electrically stimulated with a unipolar electrode (rectangular impulses 40/sec; 1 msec; 1–4 V) from the lower pons to C1–C2. Beginning at the ventral surface all points were stimulated at distances of 0.1–0.2 mm up to a depth of 1 mm, thereafter at millimeter intervals up to a depth of 6 mm below the surface. Ventilation, expiratoryPCO2 and arterial pressure were recorded. 1. As has been demonstrated earlier by Loeschckeet al. (1970) stimulation of two separate areas on the ventral medullary surface caused increase in tidal volume, respiratory frequency and arterial pressure, the latter not without exception. 2. In the more caudal area medial of the hypoglossal roots the response to electrical stimulation was strongest at the surface or not more than 0.2 mm below the surface. The response decreased with increasing distance from the surface until at a depth of 0.6–0.8 mm no or only a minimal response was observed. In 2 to 3 mm depth either a second rise in the rhythmic ventilatory response or a maintained forced inspiration was evoked, while stimulation at still deeper location was followed by a decrease of the tidal volume or by respiratory arrest in expiratory position. 3. In the more rostral area, the response pattern in the more superficial layer was similar but less marked. 4. It is suggested that one type of substrates responding to stimulation is confined to two thin layers at the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata and that these structures are involved in the drive of ventilation and of vasomotor tone. Their location is similar to the location of chemosentitivity as described by Schläfkeet al. (1970) and it seems possible that they play a role either in the origin or the transmission of chemosensitive impulses. Other substrates showing respiratory responses of the inspiratory or expiratory type are located deeper in the medulla oblongata and well demarcated from the described superficial substrates. They include the respiratory centres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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