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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cold stress during diapause on the survival and development ofDelia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in England (1985)
    Springer
    Oecologia 67 (1985), S. 506-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Exposing diapausingDelia radicum (L.) to temperatures from-10.2 to-14.8° C during a 80-day experimental period reduced survival to eclosion and the rate of postdiapause development. No such effects occurred among those exposed to-7.1° C for up to 80 days. A continuous exposure to-10.2 or-14.8° C reduced survival of overwinteringD. radicum by the same amount as an equal duration of exposure to these temperatures interrupted by 14 days at 2° C, indicating that the effects of cold exposure were additive and that repair of cold-induced injuries did not occur at 2° C. The decreased survival with increasing duration of exposure to-10.2 or-14.8° C were described by the equations: $$\begin{gathered} ln(p/1 - p) = 1.63 - 0.0204t_{ - 10.2} \hfill \\ ln(p/1 - p) = 1.03 - 0.519t_{ - 14.8} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ Wherep=the proportion surviving to eclosion andt=the number of days of exposure to the temperature given by the subcript. An increased incidence of malformed adults was associated with low survival. Adult emergence occurred within two periods. Early-emerging flies required up to 230° D and late-emerging flies more than 330° D above 5.6° C. Among early-emerging flies, a reduced rate of postdiapause development was associated with low survival but the development of late-emerging flies was not affected. OverwinteringD. radicum parasitized byTrybliographa rapae (Westw.) or byAleochara bilineata Gyll. responded similarly to unparasitizedD. radicum although those parasitized byT. rapae were less resistant to cold injury when exposed to-14.8° C. D. radicum and its parasitoids are capable of surviving temperatures more severe than those normally occurring in England and Wales; and, therefore, cold injury is unlikely to affect their population dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00790021
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cold resistance and overwintering survival of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (Anthomyiidae), and its parasitoid, Trybliographa rapae (Cynipidae), in England (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 71 (1987), S. 332-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Cold resistance ; Overwinter survival ; Supercooling ; Polyols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Overwintering Delia radicum (L.) in a field of swedes (Brassica napus L.) near Ascot, Berks., England, were exposed to soil temperatures below 10°C on 176 days from 21 October 1983 to 22 April 1984, but no temperatures below 0°C were recorded. Collections of D. radicum taken at monthly intervals from 1 November 1983 to 30 April 1984 showed that parasitism by the cynipid Trybliographa rapae (Westw.) and by the staphylinid Aleochara bilineata Gyll. was the main source of mortality. A substantial increase in parasitism by A. bilineata occurred during November, but much of the increase was by superparasitism of pupae previously parasitized by T. rapae. Mortality from causes other than parasitism was greater in the November and December collections (c. 22%) and in the spring (c. 12%) than during the winter (c. 3%) and could not be attributed to low temperatures. In all collections, most of the adult D. radicum (c. 90%) emerged within 230°D5.6. The mean number of °D5.6 to eclosion did not change from 1 November to 5 March but decreased significantly by 2 April. Late-emerging adults remired 259 to 992°D5.6 to eclosion and no changes in the nean number of °D occurred among collections. Among unparasitized D. radicum, individual supercooling points showed a strong peak at c.-23°C. A significant proportion of pupae with supercooling points above-20°C were found only in the 1 November 1983 and the 30 April 1984 collections. The ‘high’ supercooling points in the November collection may have comprised apparently healthy but moribund individuals, whereas in the April collection they may have included individuals that had initiated postdiapause development. The mean supercooling point of individuals in the ‘low’ category (supercooling points ≤20°C) did not vary among monthly samples. Parasitism by T. rapae increased the variability in supercooling points, resulting in a few individuals with lower, and many more with higher supercooling points than among unparasitized individuals. The mean supercooling point increasing from the collections of November and December to those of January to April. Puparia containing unparasitized D. radicum pupae were heavier and contained more water than those with parasitized pupae, but neither group showed significant ranges over winter. Supercooling points were positively correlated with puparial live weight among unparasitized but not among parasitized pupae. Supercooling points were not correlated with water content for either group. Parasitism did not affect the occurrence or concentration of sugars and polyhydric alcohols (all〈1% of fresh weight), and trehalose, glucose and mannitol were the most abundant. D. radicum can be considered to be over-protected from lethal freezing in the pupal stage and its high supercooling capacity in England may persist because it is conferred by the structural properties of the dipteran puparium and pupa within it and therefore is not subject to selection pressures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378704
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature on the rate of pupal-adult development of the noctuid moth,Mamestra configurata Wlk.: evidence for differential effects on the initiation of development and subsequent metamorphic development (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 68 (1986), S. 422-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Moths eclosed earlier from pupae of the bertha armyworm,Mamestra configurata, that were exposed briefly (1 to 5 days) to a warm temperature (15 or 20°C) at the beginning of postdiapause pupal-adult metamorphosis and then incubated at 10 or 12.5°C than from pupae incubated at 10 or 12.5°C throughout metamorphosis. The differences were greater than could be explained by the additional thermal units received at the higher temperature. Analyses of the times of peak concentrations of ecdysteroids (insect growth and development hormones) in metamorphosing pupae and of moth eclosion after exposure to various combinations of temperatures indicated that the ‘warm termperature effect’ was not on the rate metamorphic development but on an earlier neuroendocrine process concerned with the initiation of development. The magnitude of the difference in eclosion time between pupac receiving a brief warm temperature “trigger” and the control suggests that the differential effect of temperature on the initiation of development and subsequent metamorphic development is of biological significance and should be considered in the construction of models of insect development under natural conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01036750
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cold stress during pupal diapause on the survival and development of Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1983)
    Springer
    Oecologia 56 (1983), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of exposing diapausing pupae of Mamestra configurata Wlk. to temperatures from -5° C to-20° C during a 140-day experimental period were reduced survival to post-diapause stages, reduced survival to emergence as malformed or normal adults, and a reduced rate of post-diapause development. Pupae given a continuous exposure of variable length to -10° C and pupae given the same exposure to -10° C, interrupted by 28 days at 0° or -5° C, had the same survival, indicating that repair of cold injury does not occur at 0° or-5° C. Assuming that the effects of low temperatures were additive, not only for exposures to one temperature but also for exposures to different combinations of temperatures, survival was decribed by a polynomial: $$\begin{gathered} 1n(p/1 - p) = 3.12 - 0.00834t_{ - 5} \hfill \\ - 0.0515 t_{ - 10} - 0.346 t_{ - 15} - 2.00 t_{ - 20} , \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ where p=the proportion in post-diapause stages and t=the number of days of exposure to the temperature given by the subscript. The values of the coefficients (C) were inversely related to the temperature of exposure (T): log10 C=-2.87-0.159 T. In validation experiments, the model accurately predicted survival of pupae in the laboratory and in soil under natural snow-cover or in soil where snow cover was maintained at 〈2 cm through a complete winter. Our results suggest that: (1) symptoms of cold injury, from death in the stage exposed through death, malformation or retarded development in post-exposure stages represent a continuum that can be produced by varying the exposure time at temperatures that cause cold injury; (2) repair does not occur at these temperatures nor at slightly warmer temperatures (e.g. at 0° C for M. configurata pupae); (3) the total amount of injury is not affected by the sequence of temperatures to which the insect is exposed; (4) freezing is not responsible for the observed cold injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379690
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life history and coldhardiness ofAthrycia cinerea (Dipt.: Tachinidae) in western Canada (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 353-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Athrycia cinerea ; parasitoid ; Tachinidae ; Mamestra configurata ; life history ; diapause induction ; coldhardiness ; Athrycia cinerea ; parasitoïde ; Tachinidae ; Mamestra configurata ; cycle biologique ; induction de la diapause ; résistance au froid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Athrycia cinerea Coq. est un parasitoïde univoltin deMamestra configurata Walker (Lep.: Noctuidae) dans l'ouest du Canada. Les deux espèces ont une diapause facultative de jours longs induite au cours de la vie larvaire. Les pupes de ce parasitoïde hivernent dans le sol. Ces pupes survivent mieux que leurs hôtes à des températures plus froides ou des durées d'exposition plus longues. L'exposition de pupes deA. cinerea à −7.5°C pendant 140 jours ne réduit pas significativement la survie. Celle-ci diminue avec la température lorsque l'on passe de −10°C à −20 °C, mais elle reste à 48% même après 40 jours à −20 °C. La distribution de fréquence des pupes d'A. cinerea dans leurs hôtes est contagieuse. Les auteurs décrivent d'autres aspects du cycle biologique.
    Notes: Abstract Athrycia cinerea Coq. is a univoltine parasitoid of the bertha armyworm,Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in western Canada. This parasitoid overwinters as a pupa in the soil. These pupae are less sensitive than their host to increased cold stress caused by lower temperatures or danger durations of exposure. Exposure to −7.5°C for 140 days did not significantly reduce survival. Survival decreased with exposure to temperatures from −10 to −20°C, but survival was 48% even after 40 days exposure to −20°C. The frequency distribution ofA. cinerea puparia per host is highly contagious. Other aspects of the life history are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373109
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inter- and intra-population differences in the effects of temperature on postdiapause development of Delia radicum (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 255-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Delia radicum ; postdiapause development ; temperature ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Canadian populations of D. radicum differ in their response to temperature during postdiapause development. Populations that are primarily of the early-emerging type ( $$\left( { \leqslant 256DD_{04} } \right)$$ ) (St-Jean, Quebec; London, Ontario) have high values for the parameters describing this response: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOuamaaBa% aaleaacaWGTbaabeaakiabg2da9aaa!38F2!$$R_m = $$ 12.7–13.3; $$T_m = $$ 28.0–31.8 °C ; Tσ = 10.3–14.2 ( $$R_m $$ , the maximum developmental rate at the temperature, $$T_m $$ [ °C ] where the developmental rate is highest, and Tσ , the parameter which gives the shape of the truncated normal curve fitted to the data), a low degree-day requirement for emergence (160–232 $$DD_{04} $$ ), and may lack a developmental delay at temperatures above ca. 21 °C . Populations of the late-emerging type (Kildare, Prince Edward Island) have low parameter values ( $$ R_m = 2.5$$ , $$T_m = 19.3$$ °C ; Tσ = 6.4), high degree-day requirements (530 $$DD_{04} $$ ), and a developmental delay at high temperatures. The parameters for the early-emergers in the population from Winnipeg, Manitoba (74% early) were intermediate ( $$R_m = 9.1$$ , $$T_m = 27.1$$ °C , Tσ = 10.7, $$ DD_{04} = 246 $$ ), but resembled the early rather than the late type. This population varied from 31 to 90% early type over a 10-year period and the rate of postdiapause development at 20 °C was directly related to the percentage early. In the year with the most rapid development (90% early), development was significantly slower than in the populations from other locations with predominantly early populations, and the year with the slowest development (31% early) showed significantly faster development than that from Kildare, Prince Edward Island (100% late). Therefore the parameters for early and late types of development will not be accurate for use in mixed populations, and the parameters in mixed populations will change among years. Populations of D. radicum in North America and Europe (67 locations by years) varied from 0–100% early. At Winnipeg, the percentage early was directly related to the annual temperature accumulation ( $$DD_{05} $$ ) during the growing season. The calculation of developmental parameters for the early-emergers of mixed populations provides a more accurate basis for estimating the times of first emergence and the first peak of emergence than parameters based on the whole population. Since postdiapause developmental rates vary both among and annually within locations, developmental models should be designed to include such variations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003048502446
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