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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 155-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervus connectivus ; Periplaneta ; Synaptic contacts ; Iontophoresis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The course of the Nervus connectivus (N.c.), its branches, and synaptic connections within the frontal ganglion (FG) were investigated electron microscopically after cobalt iontophoresis of the N.c. The subsequent treatment of ultrathin sections with Timm's method was found to be very suitable for identifying the smallest branches. In the neuropil, fibers of the N.c. form Gray-I-type synapses, but also dyads are abundant, whereby the N.c. fibers occur exclusively in postsynaptic position with neurosecretory fibers. The possible role of these relationships is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 85 (1967), S. 96-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Znsammenfassung Es wurden die im Bauchmark des Oligochaeten Pachydrilus lineatus vorkommenden Sekretionszellen mit ihren zur Epidermis ziehenden Fortsätzen untersucht. Fluoreszenzmikroskopisch sind diese Zellen elektiv mit Pseudoisozyanin darstellbar. Elektronenmikroskopisch erkennt man 2 Typen von Sekretzellen außer neurosekretorischen Zellen, normalen Neuronen und Gliazellen. Die beiden Typen von Sekretzellen unterscheiden sich durch ihre Sekrete, das verschiedenartig ausgebildete endoplasmatische Retikulum, die unterschiedliche Häufigkeit von Mitochondrien und Lysosomen sowie durch die Ausbildung ihrer Fortsätze. Letztere weisen in beiden Fällen Mikrotubuli auf. Auf Grund dieser Befunde werden grundsätzliche Aspekte hinsichtlich der Beziehung Epidermis-Zentralnervensystem einerseits und hinsichtlich der Frage der Ableitung neurosekretorischer Zellen andererseits diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The secretory cells in the ventral nerve cord of the oligochete Pachydrilus lineatus and their processes, extending to the epidermis were studied. These cells are selective stainable with the fluorescence dye pseudoisocyanine. At the ultrastructural level two types of secretory cells are recognizable. They are well distinguishable from neurosecretory cells, ordinary neurons and glia cells. Both types of secretory cells differ in their secretory products, the size of endoplasmatic reticulum and the different accumulation of mitochondria and lysosomes. In the processes of these secretory cells microtubules are present. The fundamental aspects of the relation between central nervous system and epidermis and the origin of neurosecretory cells are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 81 (1967), S. 374-389 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von lichtmikroskopischen Befunden der Neurosekretion bei dem Oligochaeten Enchytraeus ausgehend, haben wir an zwei elektronenmikroskopisch genau bezeichneten und festgelegten Zellen bzw. Zelltypen, die bereits lichtmikroskopisch charakterisiert worden waren, Untersuchungen über die submikroskopisch faßbare Zelldynamik durchgeführt. Die beiden Arten neurosekretorischer Zellen (Q-Zelle und P-Zellen) sind elektronen-mikroskopisch schon durch ihre Lage zu erfassen. Sie können nicht nur durch die Zellgröße, sondern auch durch ihre Elementargranula, den Aufbau des endoplasmatischen Retikulums und den Golgi-Apparat eindeutig unterschieden werden. Wie schon in den lichtmikroskopischen Untersuchungen wurde die Sekretionsaktivität mit der Amputation ausgelöst. Sowohl in der Q -als auch in der P-Zelle bewirkt die Amputation eine unmittelbare Sekretentleerung. Die darauf einsetzende Phase der Sekretproduktion ist submikroskopisch durch eine erhöhte Zahl von Golgistrukturen in diesen Zellen, durch das deutlich in Erscheinung tretende granuläre endoplasmatische Retikulum und durch eine fortschreitende Vergrößerung und Verdichtung von Lysosomen in beiden Zelltypen gekennzeichnet. Für die Q-Zelle sind weiterhin die Verstärkung des diesen Zelltyp besonders noch charakterisierenden Bereiches von Membranzisternen und die dortige Ribosomenbildung typisch. Auf Grund der Feststellungen wird die Frage der Beziehung einzelner Strukturen in diesen beiden Zelltypen zur Produktion des Neuro-sekrets diskutiert. Die elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung führte zur Entdeckung eines weiteren Zelltyps, der im Lichtmikroskop bisher nicht erkannt worden war und der sich durch besonderen Reichtum an Mitochondrien und großen Lipoid (?)-Komplexen auszeichnet (M-Zelle). Über seine Bedeutung ist jedoch noch keine Aussage möglich.
    Notes: Summary The cytophysiology of two types of neurosecretory cells (Q and P cell) in the brain of the oligochete Enchytraeus was studied at the ultrastructural level. These cell types can be identified by their location, and particularly by the size difference of their elementary granules. Amputation of the last ten segments caused a release of secretory product followed by a phase of renewed production. This was characterized by changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and the lysosomes. The role of these structures in the production of neurosecretory material was discussed. Furthermore, a cell type with extraordinarily numerous mitochondria, hitherto unknown in Enchytraeus, was described. Its function has not yet been determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 171-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Frontal ganglion ; Periplaneta ; Synaptic contacts ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The frontal ganglion, part of the stomatogastric nervous system, contains about 60 to 80 neurons, 25 to 30 μm in diameter. A well developed Golgi system, producing dense-core vesicles, lysosomes, multivesicular bodies and dense bodies are abundant. Glia elements are sparsely distributed. Many nerve fibres contain granules of different size and electron density. Five groups of fibres can be distinguished: Fibres with granules of about 200 nm (type A), fibres with granules of about 160 to 170 nm (type B), fibres with granules of about 80 to 100 nm (type C) and those with synaptic vesicles of 50 nm (type D) respectively. A fifth very small type contains neither vesicles nor granules. Special attention was paid to synaptic contacts. The divergent dyad seems to be the main type in the frontal ganglion. Frequently, neurosecretory endings are observed in presynaptic position. Immunocytochemical “staining” of neurosecretory material closely corresponds to the distribution of type A fibres, as observed electron microscopically. Immunoelectrophoresis of extracts from frontal ganglia with polyspecific anti-neurosecretion-serum reveals a single precipitation line, indicating that the immunocytochemical localization of neurosecretory material is due to reaction with a specific as well as a crossreagent antibody.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Actinomycin ; Protein synthesis ; Annelids (Oligochetes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Aktinomycin auf die neurosekretorischen Q-und P-Zellen im Cerebralganglion von Enchytraeus wurde untersucht. Die Cytophotometrie lichtmikroskopischer Präparate von Q-Zellen ergab, daß in den ersten Stunden nach Aktinomycin-Behandlung eine deutliche Verminderung PAF-positiven Materials auftritt. Die ersten Veränderungen wurden elektronenmikroskopisch zwischen 1 und 4 Std nach Aktinomycin-Injektion beobachtet. Sie waren in beiden Zelltypen am eindeutigsten am Nucleolus. Es kommt zu einer Sonderung und räumlichen Trennung von granulärem und fibrillärem Material. Letzteres wird sehr stark vermehrt. In bezug auf Veränderungen der Strukturen des Cytoplasmas unterscheiden sich die Q-und P-Zellen besonders im Verhalten des Golgi-Apparates und der Ribosomen. Der Golgi-Apparat wird in den Q-Zellen kurze Zeit nach Applikation von Aktinomycin reduziert. In den P-Zellen persistiert er dagegen über alle beobachteten Zeitstufen hinweg. Die Ribosomen lösen sich von den Membranen in den Q-Zellen 4–8 Std nach Injektion, was in den P-Zellen nicht festzustellen ist. Diese Tatsachen führen zu der Annahme, daß das System der Proteinsynthese der P-Zellen relativ stabiler als das der Q-Zellen ist. Die in den späteren Zeitstufen beobachtete Normalisierung der Zellstrukturen läßt darauf schließen, daß die Wirkung des einmalig injizierten Aktinomycins 24 Std danach nachzulassen beginnt.
    Notes: Summary The influence of actinomycin on the neurosecretory Q and P cells of the brain of Enchytraeus was studied. Cytophotometrical measurements of Q cells in light mirocscopic preparations showed a significant decrease of PAF-positive material in the first hours after actinomycin application. At the ultrastructural level primary changes were established one to four hours after injection of actinomycin: In the nucleolus granular and fibrillar material became separated; there was a substantial increase of the fibrillar component. Concerning structural changes of the cytoplasm, Q and P cells differed especially with respect to the Golgi apparatus and the ribosomes. In the Q cells the Golgi apparatus had become greatly reduced shortly after actinomycin treatment. However, it persisted in P cells during all stages examined. Ribosomes became detached from membranes only in Q cells between 4 and 8 hours after injection. These data indicate that protein synthesis in P cells shows greater stability than in Q cells. The restitution of normal ultrastruoture during subsequent stages indicates that effects begin to subside 24 hours after a single injection.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 95-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Puromycin ; Annelids (oligochetes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurde die Wirkung von Puromycin auf die neurosekretorischen Q- und P-Zellen im Cerebralganglion von Enchytraeus. Die ersten Erscheinungen treten bereits 15 min nach Applikation des Antibiotikums an den Nucleolen (periphere Auflockerung) und an den Ribosomen (Lösung von den Membranen) auf. In späteren Stadien der Puromycineinwirkung wurden Schwellung der Mitochondrien und Desintegration ihrer Innenstrukturen sowie Veränderungen des endoplasmatischen Retikulums beobachtet. Die durch Puromycin im Kern und Cytoplasma der Q- und P-Zelle hervorgerufenen Effekte entsprechen sich weitgehend. Die Befunde zeigen, daß die durch Puromycin (und wohl auch durch andere Antibiotika) ausgelösten substrukturellen Veränderungen meistens sehr komplexer Natur und daher nur selten auf direkte Ursachen zurückzuführen sind.
    Notes: Summary The influence of puromycin on the neurosecretory Q and P cells of the brain of Enchytraeus was studied. The first effects were noticeable in nucleoli and ribosomes as early as 15 min after the administration of the antibiotic. At later stages of puromycin treatment swelling of mitochondria and disintegration of their internal structure, as well as changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, were observed. The effects of puromycin on the nucleus and cytoplasm of Q and P cells were essentially similar. The results demonstrate that the ultrastructural changes caused by puromycin (and probably also by other antibiotics) are very complex and presumably not attributable to direct causes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prothoracic gland cells ; Insect hormones ; Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prothoracic glands of the last instar of Galleria mellonella undergo characteristic alterations of their cellular fine structure closely related to cellular activity. During progressive secretory activity of the gland cells there are extensive plasmalemmal infoldings and formation of a pronounced lacunar system. Mitochondria of the active cell phase are characterized by a specific increase in size and paler colour of the matrix. In contrast to the alterations, nuclei, ER and Golgi cisterns do not undergo any submicroscopic changes during the different phases of cellular activity. The relationships between the substructural phenomena and the specific phases of cellular activity are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral heart nerve ; FMRFamide ; Allatostatin ; Coexistence ; Mirror-section ; Axosomatic synapses ; Electron microscopy ; Periplaneta americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Both allatostatin immunoreactivity (AS-IR) and FMRFamide immunoreactivity (FMRFa-IR) have been demonstrated light-microscopically in the lateral heart nerve of Periplaneta americana. The identifical labeling of some fibers suggests the coexistence of the two antigens. Electron-microscopically, six granule types in the peripheral part of the lateral heart nerve can be distinguished according to their size and density (types 1–6). These granule types can be subdivided immunocytochemically by means of a new mirror-section technique. Granules of types 4 and 5 always exclusively show FMRFa-IR. In the populations of fibers containing granules of types 1 and 6, axon profiles can be found that contain granules colocalizing FMRFa-IR and AS-IR. Other axon profiles of these populations only contain immunonegative granules of the same ultrastructure. Granules of type 2 can be differentiated immunocytochemically in three forms in the same section: In some fibers, they are nonreactive; in other fibers of the same section, they show FMRFa-IR, whereas in a third fiber type, granules show AS-IR. Finally, granules of type 3 can be observed with FMRFA-IR. In other fibers, they occur with the same ultrastructure but exhibit no immunoreactivity. Two soma types occur in the lateral heart nerve. Soma type I is characterized by the production of electron-dense granules that show FMRFa-IR. Type II is in close contact with various fibers, forming different types of axosomatic synapses, hitherto unknown in Insecta.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Lateral heart nerve ; FMRFamide ; Allatostatin ; Coexistence ; Mirror-section ; Axosomatic synapses ; Electron microscopy ; Periplaneta americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Both allatostatin immunoreactivity (AS-IR) and FMRFamide immunoreactivity (FMRFa-IR) have been demonstrated light-microscopically in the lateral heart nerve of Periplaneta americana. The identical labeling of some fibers suggests the coexistence of the two antigens. Electron-microscopically, six granule types in the peripheral part of the lateral heart nerve can be distinguished according to their size and density (types 1–6). These granule types can be subdivided immunocytochemically by means of a new mirror-section technique. Granules of types 4 and 5 always exclusively show FMRFa-IR. In the populations of fibers containing granules of types 1 and 6, axon profiles can be found that contain granules colocalizing FMRFa-IR and AS-IR. Other axon profiles of these populations only contain immunonegative granules of the same ultrastructure. Granules of type 2 can be differentiated immunocytochemically in three forms in the same section: In some fibers, they are nonreactive; in other fibers of the same section, they show FMRFa – IR, whereas in a third fiber type, granules show AS – IR. Finally, granules of type 3 can be observed with FMRFa-IR. In other fibers, they occur with the same ultrastructure but exhibit no immunoreactivity. Two soma types occur in the lateral heart nerve. Soma type I is characterized by the production of electron-dense granules that show FMRFa-IR. Type II is in close contact with various fibers, forming different types of axosomatic synapses, hitherto unknown in Insecta.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Proctolin ; Immunogold-method ; Granule types ; CNS ; Periplaneta americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Proctolin-like immunoreactivity (PLI) was found in different parts of the arthropod central nervous system and in nerve fibers of muscles. In order to examine whether this PLI is related to a uniform type of secretory vesicle, hindgut musculature and frontal and hypocerebral ganglia were examined with the immunogold technique. PLI occurs exclusively within membran-bounded secretory granules. Neither granular ER nor Golgi stacks show PLI. In some cases close relationships between PLI-bearing granules and lysosomes were observed. In presynaptic areas, PLI-reactive granules are associated with numerous clear synaptic vesicles and restricted to an area distinctly separate from the presynaptic membrane. Three types of granules were found, differing in diameter and electron density: (1) dense, 80 nm; (2) dense, 150 nm; (3) low density, 150 nm. The results demonstrate that: (1) the PLI of the produced peptide occurs shortly after its separation from the Golgi stack; (2) the occurrence of PLI in three different granule types could be the morphological expression of the common occurrence of proctolin with other neuroactive substances. However, a possible cross-reactivity with other, hitherto unknown substances must be considered as well.
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