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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHARACTERISTICS OF PALMAR SKIN POTENTIAL AND CONDUCTANCE IN RELAXED HUMAN SUBJECTS (1971)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 8 (1971), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: An investigation of mechanisms generating palmar skin potential level (SPL) was undertaken from relaxed subjects in a non-arousing environment. In these circumstances it was possible to obtain recordings where there were no skin potential responses (SPRs). At such times of quiescence, SPLs, recorded with 0.5% KCl as the external electrolyte medium, had characteristics which differed from SPLs recorded when there were SPRs. The potentials recorded at the beginning of these periods of quiescence were designated “basal” skin potential levels (BSPLs).BSPLs were demonstrated in other than optimal conditions for achieving basal state, i.e., with non-habituated subjects, and with subjects carrying out an undemanding cognitive task; the relevance of these findings to the use of SPL as an index of arousal in unstimulating conditions is discussed.An interpretation of BSPL phenomena is possible in terms of a relationship between electrode electrolyte and individual values of body fluid potassium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00485.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship of sweat gland count to electrodermal activity (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 31 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: This study assessed whether greater skin conductance activity at the distal versus medial site (Scerbo, Freedman, Raine, Dawson, & Venables, 1992) is attributable to a greater number of active (open) sweat glands at the distal site. The number of sweat glands was measured using the Palmar Sweat Index (PSI). Twenty-four subjects were exposed to 10 auditory stimuli. Electrodes were placed on the fore and middle fingers of each hand, using distal sites on one hand and medial sites on the other. The PSI was measured at the medial and distal phalanges adjacent to the electrode placement sites. The distal site contained more open and total sweat glands. Open gland count had the strongest correlations with skin conductance. Multivariate analyses of covariance revealed that site effects for nonspecific and orienting response frequency and trials to habituation were associated with site differences in open glands. Skin conductance measures and the PSI reveal greater electrodermal activity at the distal site. In addition, the number of open glands may be a useful measure related to electrodermal response frequency when polygraph measurement is unavailable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01040.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrodermal Nonresponding, Antisocial Behavior, and Schizoid Tendencies in Adolescents (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 21 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Most studies which have tested the hypothesis of autonomic hyporeactivity in antisocial groups using skin conductance orienting response (SCOR) amplitudes have failed to confirm this prediction. However, frequency measures may represent more stable and complete indices of responsivity than amplitude measures and, therefore, provide a better test of an antisociality-hyporeactive relationship. This possibility was tested by relating electrodermal responding-nonresponding to a series of 65dB tones in 101 15-yr-old males to measures of antisocial behaviour and undersocialization. While SCOR amplitudes were unrelated to antisociality, frequency of response and incidence of nonre-sponding were significantly related in the predicted direction. A second analysis demonstrated antisocial nonresponders to be characterised by schizoid tendencies, but not by sensation-seeking. These data indicate that equating nonresponding with antisociality and interpreting such a relationship in motivational/arousal terms may be over-simplistic, and that it may be specifically a schizoid subsection of antisocials who are characterised by nonresponding. It is hypothesised that the frequently cited link between antisociality and psychosis-proneness may be underpinned by a disturbance of sustained attention as indexed by nonresponding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb00221.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulus Intensity Control and the Cortical Evoked Response in Smokers and Non-Smokers (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 15 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: In order to examine the relationship between stimulus intensity control and tobacco smoking motivation, the cortical averaged evoked response (AER) to a number of flash intensities was studied in 10 non-smokers (NS), 10 tobacco deprived smokers (DS), and 10 non-deprived smokers (NDS). AERs to four flash intensities were recorded from the vertex (Cz) of subjects and in addition to latency and amplitude measures, the slope of the regression of amplitude with log flash intensity was obtained. Statistical analysis (employing a .05 rejection region) revealed that DS evidenced faster latencies and larger amplitudes than both NS and NDS groups who exhibited comparable responsiveness. No significant results were obtained with the slope measure. The data indicates that tobacco smoking has a “normalizing” effect on central nervous system (CNS) hyper-sensitivity observed in DS and this notion is discussed in relation to comparable physiological and behavioral work on humans and animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01360.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Major Effect of Recording Site on Measurement of Electrodermal Activity (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 29 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Although the medial phalanx has been recommended as the preferred site for recording skin conductance activity, a review of articles published in Psychophysiology indicates that a large minority (34%) of studies employ the distal phalanx. Informal observations also suggest that the distal site may be more reactive than the medial site. This study formally tests this observation by recording skin conductance from both medial and distal phalanges. Twenty-four right-handed subjects (12 male, 12 female) were exposed to a series of 10 orienting and defensive stimuli. Electrodes were placed on the fore and middle fingers of each hand, with distal sites used on one hand and medial sites on the other for each subject. Skin conductance amplitudes were 3.5 times larger at distal than medial sites (p〈.002), while skin conductance levels were 2.08 times larger at distal sites (p〈.0005). A significant Site × Stimulus interaction (p〈.025) indicated that the distal site was more sensitive to habituation over trials and to increases in skin conductance amplitudes with increasing stimulus intensity than the medial site. On the basis of these findings it is recommended that distal sites be used in preference to medial sites in the recording of skin conductance activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01693.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships Between N1, P300, and Contingent Negative Variation Recorded at Age 15 and Criminal Behavior at Age 24 (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 27 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Recent event-related potential (ERP) studies indicate that antisocial and psychopathic behavior is in some circumstances characterized by heightened attentional processes. This prospective study assesses whether ERP measures of attention recorded in adolescence are capable of predicting criminality status in adulthood. N1, P300, and contingent negative variation (CNV) were recorded during a CNV paradigm in a representative sample of 101 male schoolchildren at age 15, and related to criminality status at age 24. Criminals-to-be were characterized by larger N1 amplitudes and faster P300 latencies to the warning stimulus. Psychopathic personality within the criminal group was associated with larger N1 and CNV amplitudes. A discriminant function analysis using N1 and P300 measures correctly classified 74% of cases. It is concluded that enhanced early attentional processing may be of etiological significance in the development of criminality and that ERP measures may be of value in the early prediction of criminal behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb01978.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cortical Augmenting-Reducing — Modality Specific? (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 18 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The assumption that cortical augmenting-reducing is independent of stimulus modality was tested by presenting both auditory and visual stimuli to 42 subjects. Cross-modal correlations for P1N1 and N1P2 slope measures were negligible and nonsignificant. They remained insignificant using a measure independent of overall responsivity, after exclusion of “inconsistent” slope values, after equating for relative stimulus intensity, and after data transformations. No evidence was found for overall reducing in the auditory modality, although “paradoxical” reducing was observed over low intensity levels. Slopes derived from this reducing range did not correlate with visual slopes. Visual reducing was not found to be an artifact of selective EP latency jitter or scatter of the data points, but was found to correlate with confidence ratings of peak-trough identification. These results suggest that cortical reducing is modality-specific and is not mediated by a generalized, central inhibitory mechanism but by independent, sensory-specific pathways. Implications were drawn for both the neuroanatomical basis of cortical augmenting-reducing and its application in psychopathology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb01847.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EEG Alpha Correlates of Non-Smokers, Smokers, Smoking, and Smoking Deprivation (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 14 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Computer analysis of tonic EEG alpha amplitude and dominant alpha frequency was employed to test the hypotheses that relative to non-smokers, smokers deprived of cigarettes are in a state of cortical hypo-excitation, and that smoking induces a state of excitation comparable to that of non-smokers. Ten non-smokers, 17 deprived smokers and 13 non-deprived smokers were used to record alpha activity with a right occipital-right ear placement before and after smoking two cigarettes. Analysis of pre-smoking activity (employing a .05 rejection region) revealed a slower dominant alpha frequency in deprived smokers relative to non-smokers and non-deprived smokers. Smoking increased dominant alpha frequency in deprived smokers to a level comparable to non-smokers and non-deprived smokers. No significant results were obtained with alpha amplitude. The significance of increased alpha frequency is discussed both in relation to present results and comparable work on humans and animals, and a suggestion is forwarded regarding smoking-induced specific excitation (attention) and the maintenance of smoking behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1977.tb03367.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SKIN CONDUCTANCE: A PROPOSAL FOR STANDARDIZATION (1971)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 8 (1971), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: A provisional standard method of measuring tonic skin conductance (SCL) and GSR (SCR) is advocated, using a constant-voltage method for which circuits are provided useable with Beckman, Grass, and other common polygraphs. A standard electrode methodology is also presented. The problem of units of measurement is considered in detail with an analysis of the so-called Law of Initial Values. Methods are given for correcting both tonic SC and SCRs for individual differences in their respective ranges of variation and the purpose and relative advantages of these range-correction methods are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00501.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    For Distinguished Contributions to Psychophysiology: (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 25 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01883.x
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