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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maturation of Bursal Stem Cells within Allogeneic or Syngeneic Bursal Microenvironment: Surface Determinants and Capacity for Germinal Centre Formation (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 10 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Maturation of bursal stem cells in an allogeneic environment was studied. The occurrence of surface IgM, surface IgG, and Ia-like antigens on B cells after differentiation within an allogeneic bursa was studied. Furthermore, the immediate capacity of B cells to form germinal centres after differentiation in an allogeneic bursa was studied by injecting them with histocompatible T cells into ‘test-tube’ birds. The results indicate that the switch to surface-IgG-bearing cells occurs in an allogeneic bursa in a similar manner as in a Syngeneic bursa. Studies of the occurrence of la-like antigens on bursa cells demonstrate that they retain their original Ia-like antigens, even during maturation in an allogeneic host. Third, the results demonstrate that after differentiation within an allogeneic environment bursa cells have acquired the immediate capacity to cooperate with histocompatible T cells as measured by germinal centre formation in ‘test-tube’ birds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1979.tb01385.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chicken T-Cell Growth Factor: Use in the Generation of a Long-Term Cultured T-Cell Line and Biochemical Characterization (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 23 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Supernatants from concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated chicken spleen cells were used to generate a long-term cultured cell line from antigen-primed chicken peripheral blood leukocytes. This line has been kept in continuous proliferation in vitro for more than 25 weeks. Morphologically these cells were lymphoblastoid and expressed class I and class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex as well asT-cell (but not B-cell or macrophage) antigens. In addition they contained no peroxidase or non-specific esterase activity, neither were they phagocytic. Proliferation of the line was totally dependent on exogenous T-cell growth factor (TCGF) activity provided by the Con-A-stimulated spleen cell supernatant, comparable with the proliferation of Con-A-induced T-cell blasts. TCGF activity from the supernatant was absorbed both by the long-term cultured T cells and by Con A blasts, demonstrating the presence of receptors for the same TCGF species on the two populations. We have used the long-term cultured cell line to characterize chicken TCGF further The molecular weight of the biologically active fractions found by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 was approximately 13,000 and isoelectric focusing showed chicken TCGF to have a pI of pH 5.9. We propose that the TCGF described here is the chicken analogue to the mammalian interleukin 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1986.tb01951.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    B-Cell Differentiation in the Chicken: Expression of Immunoglobulin Genes in the Bursal and Peripheral Lymphocytes (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have studied the expression of immunoglobulin genes in the chicken B-cell precursors, and of a B-cell surface marker (Bu-1) on the bursal and peripheral B-cells during normal ontogeny. Since there is no way of distinguishing the precursor cells from the more mature bursal lymphocytes on the basis of surface markers, we chose to study the total bursal lymphocyte population at ages when the numbers of the various precursor cells (bursal, early post-bursal, and post-bursal stem cells) in the bursa are estimated to be at their highest. Thereafter, comparisons with the more mature lymphocytes in the peripheral organs were made. As a result, levels of the γ and μ transcripts and expression of Bu-I antigen in the chicken B-cell precursors were found to be unchanged during the post-hatching period. In the light of these experiments, the later events of B-cell differentiation, i.e. the development from the bursal to post-bursal B lymphocytes, occurs without the γ, μ, and Bu-1 gene loci involved. On the other hand, the higher level of γ and μ expression in the splenic B lymphocytes indicates that the post-bursal stem cells mature into highly active plasma cells after seeding to the peripheral organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1989.tb01131.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of Peripheral Blood Macrophages in Bursa-Cell-Reconstituted Chickens (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 17 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: MHC class-I antigens on peripheral blood macrophages and bursa cells were analysed after adoptive bursa cell transfer to cyclophosphamide-treated immunodeficient chickens. We studied the expression of B-F locus-encoded antigens (B-F is homologous to mouse H-2K, D) on macrophages and B cells and found that macrophage B-F antigens are of host origin, whereas bursa cells express only donor-type B-F antigens. Both syngeneic and allogeneic bursa cells restored IgM antibody production to a T-cell-independent antigen, Brucella, but only syngeneic bursa cells could restore the IgG antibody response to a thymus-dependent antigen, sheep erythrocytes. The results indicate that B-cell maturation and macrophage-B-cell interaction are not MHC-restricted but that a restriction exists in T-cell-B-cell collaboration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1983.tb00782.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Susceptibility to Tolerance Induction of Bursal and Peripheral B Cells (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 28 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We investigated cellular aspects of immunological tolerance to protein antigens in chickens by examining the immune responses of bursal and splenic cells from tolerant or normal chickens after transfer into cyclophosphamide (CP)-treated recipients. Newly-hatched chicks were made tolerant to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by injection of 100 mg of the antigen. When bursa cells from 4-day-old BSA-unresponsive chicks were transferred into CP-treated recipients, the reconstituted birds were able to respond to a subsequent injection of BSA almost as well as normal birds, and as well as CP-treated birds that had been reconstituted with normal bursa cells. To investigate whether the presence of the BSA antigen might affect recovery from tolerance, we injected CP-treated recipients with BSA at the time of transfer of bursal cells. The presence of the antigen prevented the recovery of the anti-BSA response in reconstituted birds. When spleen cells from 6.5-week-old unresponsive chicks were transferred into CP-treated recipients, no recovery of responsiveness to BSA could be demonstrated. A likely reason for the failure of splenic B cells to recover responsiveness on transfer is their inability to generate somatic variants of Ig genes in the same way as bursal stem cells. Thus, when the bursa involutes, the chicken's antibody repertoire may be frozen in a less adaptable state than that of a mammal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb01496.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Propofol infusion anaesthesia and immune response in minor surgery (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 49 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study was set up to evaluate the effects of propofol infusion anaesthesia on immunological function in minor surgery. Twenty-seven patients (median age 51 years, ASA 1-2) scheduled for minor breast surgery were randomly assigned to two groups. Anaesthesia was induced in group 1 with propofol 2.5 mg.kg-1 and maintained with propofol 12 mg.kg-1.h-1 and 30% O2 in air, whereas in group 2 anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone 4 mg.kg-1 and maintained with 70% N2O in O2. Fentanyl and vecuronium were used in both groups. The percentages of T cells (p 〈 0.001), B cells (p 〈 0.01) and memory T cells increased (p 〈 0.01) in both groups. T helper cell percentages increased in the propofol but not in the thiopentone group (p 〈 0.05). The percentages of natural killer cells decreased from pre-induction values in both groups (p 〈 0.001). No changes were seen in lymphocyte proliferative responses. Minor breast surgery under propofol or conventional combined anaesthesia had only minor effects on the immune response. The higher percentage of T helper cells after propofol anaesthesia compared to conventional combined anaesthesia is beneficial, but its clinical importance remains to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1994.tb03304.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionarily Conserved Function of CD28 in αβ T Cell Activation (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 40 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The functional role of the chicken homologue of CD28 was studied. It is expressed on all thymocytes, and both Vβ1- and Vβ2-family expressing peripheral αβ T cells. Peripheral γβ T cells are CD28-negative. Monoclonal antibody against CD28 had a costimulatory effect on T cells stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), concanavalin A or MoAb against TCR. Vβl and Vβ2 expressing cells responded equally well to stimulation with anti-CD28 in combination with PMA. These responses were resistant to cyclosporin A, but inhibited by herbimycin A, suggesting that CD28 employs a signalling pathway at least partly distinct from that triggered by TCR/CD3. These data indicate a striking conservation of the costimulatory function of CD28 and emphasize the importance of this costimulatory pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03476.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    γδ and αβ T Cells are Equally Susceptible to Apoptosis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 40 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Little is known about the role of apoptosis in the regulation of γδ T cell development and function. We have used chicken as a model to study apoptosis of γδ T cells at different stages of their development. Apoptosis was measured with electrophoretic analysis of DNA fragmentation and flow cytometric determination of DNA content combined with immunofluorescence staining of cell surface molecules. In vitro culture, dexamethasone, and γ-irradiation induced apoptosis of both γδ TCR thymocytes and peripheral γδ T cells. Apoptosis could be induced even in the earliest thymic γδ thymocytes on embryonic day 13. Resting peripheral blood γδ T cells were more resistant to apoptosis than thymocytes and spleen cells. Following polyclonal activation of splenic γδ T cells by Con A, the proportion of the CD8+γδ T cell blasts decreased significantly when recultured without further stimulation. These results indicate that γδ T cells are susceptible to apoptosis in a manner similar o γδ T cells, and suggest that apoptosis plays an important role in the regulation of the development and function of both thymic and peripheral γδ T cells
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03452.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency of Chicken CD4+ and CD8+ Cells. Genetic Control and Effect of Rous Sarcoma Virus Infection (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 35 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In chickens from congenic inbred lines CB and CC that differ only in the major histocomputibilily complex (MHC), we observed significantly different percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and spleen. Positive cells were detected by indirect immunofluorescence test as analysed by flow cytometry. In both PBL and spleen cell suspensions, the number of CD4+ cells was significantly higher in CB than in CC chickens, whereas in CC birds there was a higher percentage of CD8+ cells than in CB. These statistically significant differences were under the MHC control. We found no statistically significant influence of regressions or progression of Rous sarcoma virus-induced tumours on the percentage of peripheral T cells and on the interleukin-2 production in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02856.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and Chromosomal Localization of Chicken CD5 (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 54 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: CD5 is a transmembrane glycoprotein on all T cells and on a subpopulation of B cells. Based on the analysis of chicken CD5-cDNA we have previously shown that the structure of the CD5 protein is conserved between species. Here we report the isolation and chromosomal mapping of the chicken CD5 gene. The gene spans 3.4 kb and is extremely compact with a high GC-nucleotide content. There are 10 exons and the introns are spliced out similarly to those in the human CD5 gene. Each of the three extracellular scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains is encoded as an exon of its own, as is the proline-rich hinge region that separates the first two membrane-distal SRCR domains. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique was used to map the gene to chromosome five. This is the first report describing the organization of the CD5 gene from a nonmammalian species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00961.x
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