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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Nephrology 6 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1440-1797
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytica Chimica Acta 257 (1992), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 0003-2670
    Keywords: Activation analysis ; Blood ; Serum ; Trace elements
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. The use of radiographic contrast media in the setting of possible bowel ischemia and potential perforation is known to be associated with increased clinical risk. However, there is a lack of controlled studies using a standard native fecal load to define and compare the intrinsic mortality and morbidity among options of contrast media currently available to the radiologist. We have compared the mortality and gross and histopathologic morbidity of a standard intraperitoneal native fecal dose in the guinea pig, using barium, two iodinated media, saline and air.¶Materials and methods. The study was performed on adult Hartley guinea pigs. A standard native fecal solution with a colony count of 108 aerobes and 2 × 107 anaerobes was prepared, and the LD50 of intraperitoneal injection of the solution was determined. The standard solution at the LD50 dose was then used to compare the mortality and morbidity when commercial barium sulfate (18 % w/v), Conray 30 (iothalamate meglumine 30 %), 1:1 dilution of Conray 30 with sterile water, termed Conray “15” (iothalamate meglumine 15 %), saline and air, were added to the intraperitoneal injection of the fecal solution in five groups of 20 animals each. Mortality and acute (96 h) and chronic (30 days) gross and histopathology were assessed and graded according to a standard system and analyzed statistically.¶Results. Barium was significantly more deleterious than the dilute water-soluble iodinated media, saline and air. Mortality occurred within 24 h in the barium group and within the initial 48 h in all groups as follows: barium 19/20 (95 %); Conray 30 16/20 (80 %); Conray “15”¶7/20 (35 %); saline 0; air 0. Acute gross and histopathology showed extensive grade 4 lesions in 19/19 barium animals; less severe lesions were present in a lesser percentage of the animals in the other four groups. Entirely chronic lesions were present only in the single surviving barium animal and were non-significant (〈400 μm) or absent in the other four groups.¶Conclusions. In our study, barium incurred the most significant deleterious short and long-term effects in the setting of fecal peritonitis. Dilute water-soluble media offer a much greater margin of safety. Saline under sonographic guidance is less deleterious than any of the positive radiographic contrast media. However, in our study, air was the safest contrast medium in the setting of peritoneal soiling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. The use of radiographic contrast media in the setting of possible bowel ischemia and potential perforation is known to carry a risk of morbidity and mortality. However, studies of the effect of available contrast media on host immunological defense mechanisms are lacking. We have examined the effect of barium and of two water-soluble contrast agents of differing iodine concentration and osmolality, Conray 30 and Cysto Conray II, on leukocyte phagocytosis.¶Materials and methods. Blood samples were incubated with the contrast media alone (termed the “resting state”), and in combination with a standard phagocytic challenge (Zymosan polysaccharide extract) and with Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli, to determine the effect of contrast media upon leukocyte phagocytic response. Incubation with saline was used as control. In the case of barium, the “resting state” and standard challenge experiments were repeated at nine dilutions, ranging from 1:1 to 1:1000. The leukocyte phagocytic response was measured in two ways: CO2 generation (an index of metabolic activity) and chemiluminescence (an index of generation of reactive oxygen species and bacterial killing).¶Results. Barium, at clinical dilutions, causes a significant increase of baseline “resting state” phagocytic activity, which in turn leads to significant blunting of subsequent response to phagocytic challenge and adversely affects the response to all bacteria tested. There is no baseline activation of leukocytes by the water-soluble media, although there was some inhibition (rather than activation) of leukocyte metabolic activity. The effect of the water-soluble media on bacteria was more complex (although inhibition is minor compared to barium).¶Conclusions. Our data demonstrate that barium is a significant activator of phagocytic cells, which results in deactivation of phagocytic response when challenged; these data serve to explain the enhanced adverse effect of barium in cases of fecal peritonitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 44 (1993), S. S17 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Drug protein binding ; uraemia ; high performance liquid chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Investigations were undertaken to evaluate which uraemic solutes decrease drug protein binding. This was done by performing HPLC-fractionation of uraemic biological fluids and studying the effect of addition of a lyophilisate of each fraction to normal plasma containing standard quantities of radiolabelled drugs. From a first study, based only on fractionation of uraemic ultrafiltrate with an HPLC-gradient mainly aimed at elution of hydrophilic compounds, hippuric acid appeared to be a major protein binding inhibitor for theophylline and phenytoin. The problem with this approach was that it did not include the compounds with the most substantial protein binding. Therefore, studies were planned to fractionate deproteinized uraemic sera, but first it was necessary to define which deproteinisation methods gave the highest yields of protein bound ligand. Heat denaturation was found to be one of the most effective deproteinisation methods. When a lyophilisate of uraemic serum, deproteinised by this method, was added to normal plasma, a higher capacity to displace theophylline from protein binding sites was found compared to the effect of an identical volume of an ultrafiltrate of the same samples. Fractionation of the deproteinised sample by HPLC revealed a larger number of fractions able to inhibit drug protein binding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 125-130 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; clonidine ; beta-blocker ; renal failure ; side-effects ; blood pressure decrease ; cardiovascular complications ; atenolol ; propranolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The risk of cardiovascular and fatal complications and the antihypertensive effect of a clonidine-β-blocker combination was studied in 98 patients and was compared with the results for a group of patients treated with other antihypertensive regimens. The profile of complications was similar in the two groups for a total follow-up period of more than 2000 treatment-months. Clonidine in combination either with propranolol or atenolol had a distinct antihypertensive effect. However, clonidine plus atenolol resulted in a more immediate and pronounced fall in blood pressure. It is concluded that the combination of clonidine and a β-blocker is an effective antihypertensive medication, and that patients treated with it are apparently at no greater risk of serious cardiovascular incidents than are those treated with other regimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transplant international 11 (1998), S. 457-458 
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Patienten mit Niereninsuffizienz haben eine erhöhte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Infektionen. Bei Urämie ist die Abtötungskapazität der Phagozyten vermindert. Durch Messung der14CO2-Produktion während der Metabolisierung radioaktiv markierter Glukose durch Phagozyten wurde die bei Phagozytose auftretende “respiratory burst”-Aktivität untersucht. Bei dialysierten und nicht-dialysierten hochgradig niereninsuffizienten Patienten war die Phagozytose auf ca. 50% des Wertes von normalen Probanden vermindert (p〈0.05). Im zweiten Teil der Studie erhielten sechs Dialyse-Patienten Cefodizim (CDZ) 2 g i.v. am Ende der Dialyse (fünf mal während zehn Tagen). Die Phagozytoseaktivität wurde vor Behandlungsbeginn und wiederholt bis zum 29. Tag der Studie bestimmt. CDZ entfaltete einen deutlichen und langdauernden stimulierenden Effekt sowohl auf die Latex- als auch auf die Zymosan-induzierte Phagozytose. Schlußfolgerung: ein normales Therapieschema von CDZ führte zu einer relevanten Stimulation der verminderten Phagozytosetätigkeit bei Dialysepatienten. Der Effekt dauerte über mindestens zwei Wochen nach der letzten Dosis von CDZ an und könnte für urämische Patienten, die eine antibiotische Behandlung benötigen, von Vorteil sein.
    Notes: Summary Patients with renal failure are highly susceptible to infection, in part because uremia decreases the killing capacity of phagocytic leucocytes. Phagocytosis-associated respiratory burst activity was investigated at different stages of renal impairment by measuring the14CO2 production during metabolism of labeled glucose by phagocytic cells. Non-dialyzed end-stage renal failure and haemodialysis patients showed a decrease in phagocytosis to about 50% of normal (p〈0.05). In a second phase of the study, six haemodialysis patients received 2 g cefodizime (CDZ) i.v. after dialysis for ten days (five doses). Phagocytosis was determined at baseline and was followed until day 29. A clear, long-lasting stimulatory effect of CDZ on phagocytosis after both latex and zymosan challenge was found. It is concluded that a usual CDZ dosage regimen stimulates depressed phagocytosis in haemodialysis patients, and that this stimulatory effect persists for at least two weeks after the end of treatment. Uremic patients with infection may benefit from this additional property of CDZ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Infection 24 (1996), S. 275-291 
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Antibiotika können direkt mit dem Immunsystem in Wechselwirkung treten. Im Folgenden geben wir eine Übersicht über immunmodulierende Wirkungen von Antibiotika. Medline Datenbasen auf CD-ROM für die Jahre 1987–1994 mit den Stichworten “thesaurus explode antibiotics / all AND (thesaurus explode immune-system/ drug effects ORthesaurus immune-tolerance / drug effects)” wurden befragt. Die immunologischen Studien betrafen Aspekte der Phagozytenfunktionen: Phagozytose und Abtötung sowie Chemotaxis und Aspekte der Lymphozytenfunktion, Lymphozytenproliferation, Zytokinproduktion, Antikörperbildung, Überempfind-lichkeitsreaktion vom verzögerten Typ und natürliche Killerzellaktivität. Um immunmodulierende Eigenschaften von Antibiotika quantifizierbar und vergleichbar zu machen, wurde ein wie folgt definierter “Immunindex” berechnet: Zahl positive Aussagen — Zahl negativer Aussagen/Gesamtaussagen. Positive Wirkungen auf die Phagozyten wurden mit Cefodizim, Imipenem, Cefoxitin, Amphotericin B und Clindamycin gemacht. Bei Erythromycin, Roxithromycin, Cefotaxim, Tetracyklin, Ampicillin und Gentamicin wurden negative Effekte beobachtet. Clindamycin, Cefoxitin und Imipenem induzieren eine Verstärkung der Chemotaxis. Auf die Lymphozyten-proliferation hat Cefodizim den stärksten Stimulationseffekt, Tetrazyklin hat den stärksten negativen Effekt. Die Wirkung auf Zytokinproduktion kann nur für Erythromycin und Amphotericin B beurteilt werden, bei allen anderen Substanzen reichen die Daten hierfür nicht aus. Erythromycin und Amphotericin B führen offensichtlich zu einer Stimulation der Zytokinproduktion. Auf die Antikörperbildung hat Cefodizim die stärkste positive Wirkung, deutlich negative Effekte wurden mit Josamycin, Rifampicin und Tetrazyklin beobachtet. Für die verschiedenen Antibiotika liegen nicht genügend Studien zur Überempfindlichkeitsreaktion vom verzögerten Typ oder zur Natural Killer Cell Aktivität vor. Drei der Antibiotika haben ausgeprägte fördernde Wirkung auf das Immunsystem (Imipenem, Cefodizim, Clindamycin), acht haben ausgeprägt immunsuppressive Wirkung (Erythromycin, Roxithromycin, Cefotaxim, Tetrazyklin, Rifampicin, Gentamicin, Teicoplanin und Ampicillin).
    Notes: Summary Antibiotics can interact directly with the immune system. This is a review of the immunomodulating effects of antibiotics. The Medline database on CD-ROM was searched for the years 1987 to 1994 using the following search string: “thesaurus explode antibiotics / all AND (thesaurus explode immune-system / drug effects ORthesaurus immune-tolerance / drug effects).” Aspects of the immune system studied were aspects of phagocyte functions: phagocytosis and killing, and chemotaxis and aspects of lymphocyte functions: lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production, antibody production, delayed hypersensitivity and natural killer-cell activity. In order to quantify and to compare immunomodulatory properties of antibiotics we calculated an “immune index,” defined as: number of positive statements — number of negative statements/total number of statements. Concerning phagocytosis, positive effects were observed for cefodizime, imipenem, cefoxitin, amphotericin B and clindamycin and negative effects for erythromycin, roxithromycin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, amplicillin and gentamicin. Clindamycin, cefoxitin and imipenem induce enhancement of chemotaxis, whereas cefotaxime, rifampicin and teicoplanin decrease chemotaxis. Regarding lymphocyte proliferation, cefodizime has the strongest stimulating effect, whereas tetracycline has the strongest negative effect. Except for erythromycin and amphotericin B the number of statements reported is too small to be conclusive for the interpretation of effects on cytokine production. Erythromycin and amphotericin B appear to stimulate cytokine production. As to antibody production, cefodizime has the strongest positive effect, whereas josamycin, rifampicin and tetracycline have marked negative effects. For delayed hypersensitivity and the natural killer-cell activity the number of statements is too small for any single antibiotic to be conclusive. There are three markedly immuno-enhancing antibiotics (imipenem, cefodizime and clindamycin) and eight markedly immuno-depressing antibiotics (erythromycin, roxithromycin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, rifampicin, gentamicin, teicoplanin and ampicillin).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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