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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The spatial and temporal variability of dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate concentration and total coliform (TC) were investigated at nine sampling stations distributed along the main rivers of the Piracicaba River Basin, a 12,400 km2 catchment located in São Paulo State, one of the most developed regions of Brazil. Spatially, a downstream impoverishment of water quality conditions was observed, as seen by the decrease of DO, and increase of BOD, nitrate, and TC. These changes were probably caused by accumulating downstream discharge of domestic and industrial sewage. Temporal evaluation of 18 years of data showed that DO decreased with time for the majority of the sampling stations, while BOD, nitrate, and TC increased. A law, approved at the end of 1991, proposed a new water tax for river water extraction for industrial and agricultural use. The amount of this tax is determined according to the water quality of the extracted water. Therefore, the evaluation of the water quality status in this basin is a first step to help resources managers to determine the values for this tax.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Stocks of carbon in Amazonian forest biomass and soils have received considerable research attention because of their potential as sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2. Fluxes of CO2 from soil to the atmosphere, on the other hand, have not been addressed comprehensively in regard to temporal and spatial variations and to land cover change, and have been measured directly only in a few locations in Amazonia. Considerable variation exists across the Amazon Basin in soil properties, climate, and management practices in forests and cattle pastures that might affect soil CO2 fluxes. Here we report soil CO2 fluxes from an area of rapid deforestation in the southwestern Amazonian state of Acre. Specifically we addressed (1) the seasonal variation of soil CO2 fluxes, soil moisture, and soil temperature; (2) the effects of land cover (pastures, mature, and secondary forests) on these fluxes; (3) annual estimates of soil respiration; and (4) the relative contributions of grass-derived and forest-derived C as indicated by δ13CO2. Fluxes were greatest during the wet season and declined during the dry season in all land covers. Soil respiration was significantly correlated with soil water-filled pore space but not correlated with temperature. Annual fluxes were higher in pastures compared with mature and secondary forests, and some of the pastures also had higher soil C stocks. The δ13C of CO2 respired in pasture soils showed that high respiration rates in pastures were derived almost entirely from grass root respiration and decomposition of grass residues. These results indicate that the pastures are very productive and that the larger flux of C cycling through pasture soils compared with forest soils is probably due to greater allocation of C belowground. Secondary forests had soil respiration rates similar to mature forests, and there was no correlation between soil respiration and either forest age or forest biomass. Hence, belowground allocation of C does not appear to be directly related to the stature of vegetation in this region. Variation in seasonal and annual rates of soil respiration of these forests and pastures is more indicative of flux of C through the soil rather than major net changes in ecosystem C stocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Ecology of freshwater fish 11 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0633
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract – Aquatic macrophytes form the most productive habitat of the Amazon floodplain and account for more than 60% of the net primary production of the ecosystem. Aquatic grasses are the dominant macrophytes and the main feeding ground of Amazonian larval fish. The present study used stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon to measure the contribution of aquatic grasses to the production of eight larval fish, and describes the structure of the trophic chain. The carnivore larvae were at the third trophic level, and the detritivores were at the second and third trophic levels. The contribution of aquatic grasses to larval fish production was variable. It could reach a mean value of 25% for three species, but its contribution probably did not exceed 12% in the other five species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Amazon ; Vegetation ; Forest ; Stable carbon isotope ; Rondônia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaves of 208 trees were collected for isotopic analysis together with wood from 36 tree boles and 18 samples of fine litter from a terra-firme forest located at Samuel Ecological Reserve, Rondônia State, in the southwestern Amazon region. The range of δ13C values in leaves was from −28 to −36‰, with an average (±1 SD) of −32.1 ± 1.5‰, which was more negative than the δ13C values of bole samples (−28.4 ± 2.0‰) and fine litter (−28.7 ± 2.0‰). These values are within the range found for tropical and subtropical forests. Pooling the δ13C values for leaf samples from trees of the same height gave averages which were positively correlated with plant height at a highly significant level, with a slope of 0.06 and an intercept of −33.3‰ and a correlation coefficient r 2=0.70 (P〈0.001).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Amazon ; Vegetation change ; Stable carbon isotope ; Radiocarbon ; Soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paleoecological and geomorphological studies indicate that, during the middle Holocene, there was a predominance of drier conditions with grassy savannahs replacing forests across the South American continent. Modern savannahs are composed mainly of C4 plants and soils developed under this type of vegetation show enrichment in 13C compared to soils under C3 vegetation cover. If soils contain stabilized organic matter formed in the middle Holocene, we hypothesize that former C4 vegetation would be evidenced by a large enrichment of 13C in soil organic matter (SOM). We investigate this possibility examining the depth variation of carbon isotopic composition in 21 soil profiles collected by different researchers at 14 different sites in Brazil. Of these, profiles from only three sites showed a marked increase of 13C with depth (9–10‰ enrichment in δ13C difference between the surface soil and deepest depth); two sites showed intermediate enrichment (4–5‰), and nine sites showed a small enrichment of approximatelly 2.5‰. The majority of sites showing all-C3 derived SOM were in the Amazon region. Possible causes for the absence of a large 13C enrichment with depth are: (1) dominance of C3 rather than C4 grasses in mid-Holocene savannahas, (2) soil profiles did not preserve organic matter derived from mid-Holocene plants, (3) the retreat of forest areas did not occur on a regional scale, but was a much more localized phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: 15N ; Atmospheric nitrogen fixation ; Floodplain ; Amazon river
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The15N natural abundance values of various Amazon floodplain (várzea) plants was investigated. Samples of young leaf tissues were collected during three different periods of the river hydrography (low water, mid rising water and high water) and during one period in the Madeira River (high water). A large variation of15N abundance was observed, both among the different plant types and between the different flood stages. This variation probably, reflected, in part, the highly variable nature of the floodplain, sometimes dry and oxygenated and at other times inundated and anaerobic and, in part, changes in plant nitrogen metabolism. Comparison of the nitrogen isotopic composition of leguminous plants with that of non-leguminous plants showed that, on average, the15N abundance was lower in the legumes than non-legumes, suggesting active N-fixation. Also, the15N natural abundance in aquatic grasses of the generaPaspalum, was in general, lower than the15N abundance of aquatic grasses of the generaEchinochloa. As both of these grasses grow in the same general habitat, it appears thatPaspalum grasses may also be nitrogen fixers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 193-208 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Beans ; Brasil ; Crop N-recovery ; K-fertilizer ; N-cycling ; N-fertilizer ; 15-N ; Pfertilizer ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Con el fin de aumentar la compresión del destino del nitrógeno aplicado aPhaseolus vulgaris bajo condiciones tropicales, se aplicó úrea marcada con15N y se siguió la marcha del experimento por tres períodos de cultivo sucesivos. Cada cultivo recibió 100 kg N ha−1 en forma de úrea y 41 kg K ha−1 en forma de KCl. Al final de cada período se estimó la recuperción del nitrógeno añadido, los efectos residuales del nitrógeno aplicado en el período anterior, la distribución del nitrógeno en el perfil del suelo y las pérdidas por lixiviación. Adicionalmente, para evaluar los effectos del fósforo añadido sobre el ciclo del nitrógeno se fertilizó el cultivo con 35 kg P en forma de roca fosfatada ha−1 o con 35 kg P como superfosfato ha−1 y un tercer experimento sin P como control. Los resultados mostraron que el 31,2% del nitrógeno en el primer cultivo provenía de la úrea aplicada, lo cual representa una eficiencia de utilización de 38,5%. En los dos períodos subsiguientes el 6,2% y el 1,4% del nitrógeno provenía del fertilizante anteriormente aplicado, respectivamente. Las eficiencias de utilización fueron en estos casos de 4,6 y 1,2 porciento respectivamente. En total los tres cultivos recuperaron 44,3% del nitrógeno aplicado al primero. El nitrógeno restante estaba en el suelo a había sido perdido por lixiviación, volatilización o desnitrificación. El aumento en15N en el nitrógeno mineral (NH4+NO3) indicó que al fin del segundo período de cultivo, el frente de nitrógeno aplicado había ya pasado los 120 cm de profundidad. El aumento en15N en materia orgánica indicó que la actividad de las raices del cultivo y las malezas transportó e incorporó el nitrógeno a 90–120 cm y mas. Podemos calcular que del total aplicado como fertilizante, 109 kg N ha−1 se hallaban en la biomasa cosechada, en los residuos de cosecha y en el suelo al final del primer período de cultivo. Si se considera que no hubo pérdidas por lixiviación, volatilización o desnitrificación, nuestro error experimental sería de un 10%. El mismo cálculo para el segundo y el tercer períodos de cultivo dió 76 kg N ha−1 y 80 kg N ha−1 respectivamente, indicando asi pérdidas de 20 a, 25% en los dos primeros años de cultivo. No se observaron diferencias entre las dos fuentes diferentes de fósforo.
    Notes: Abstract To increase our understanding of the fate of applied nitrogen inPhaseolus vulgaris crops grown under tropical conditions,15N-labelled urea was applied to bean crops and followed for three consecutive cropping periods. Each crop received 100 kg urea-N ha−1 and 41 kg KCl−K ha−1. At the end of each period we estimated each crop's recovery of the added nitrogen, the residual effects of nitrogen from the previous cropping period, the distribution of nitrogen in the soil profile, and leaching losses of nitrogen. In addition, to evaluate potential effects of added phosphorus on nitrogen cycling in this crop, beans were treated at planting with either 35 kg rock-phosphate-P, 35 kg superphosphate-P, or 0 kg P ha−1. Results showed that 31.2% of the nitrogen in the first crop was derived from the applied urea, which represents a nitrogen utilization efficiency of 38.5%. 6.2% of the nitrogen in the second crop was derived from fertilizer applied to the first crop, and 1.4% of the nitrogen in the third crop. Nitrogen utilization efficiencies for these two crops, with respect to the nitrogen applied to the first crop, were 4.6 and 1.2%, respectively. In total, the three crops recovered 44.3% of the nitrogen applied to the first crop. The remainder of the nitrogen was either still in the soil profile or had been lost by leaching, volatilization or denitrification.15N enrichment of mineral-N(NO3+NH4) suggests that at the end of the second crop, the pulse of fertilizer applied to the first crop had probably passed the 120 cm depth.15N enrichment of organic-N suggests that root activity of beans and weeds transported nitrogen to 90–120 cm (or deeper). We could account for 109 kg fertilizer-N ha−1 in harvested biomass, crop residue, and soil at the end of the first cropping period. This indicates an experimental error of about 10% if no nitrogen was lost by volatilization, denitrification, or leaching below 120 cm. At the end of the second and third crops, 76 and 80 kg N ha−1, respectively, could be accounted for, suggesting that 20 to 25% of the applied-N was lost from the system over a 2-crop period. The two types of added phosphorus did not significantly differ in their effects on bean yields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Conclusions 1. Nitrogen balance studies are of considerable importance for predicting and understanding changes in the crop nitrogen cycle that take place as a result of different agronomic practices. 2. Too few detailed N-balance studies have been made of arable crops in Latin America. 3. Much useful information can be obtained by carrying out studies at different degrees of detail. Ideally,15N should be used for these studies, but we recognize that such experiments can be carried out at only a few sites because of economic limitations. We believe that considerable progress can nevertheless be made by using conventional methods of analysis to measure simultaneously at various sites major inputs and outputs of nitrogen and changes in soil organic-N (to the depth of rooting) over a number of years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amazonas ; Deforestation ; Leaching ; 15-N ; N-cycling ; Mineralization ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La agricultura brasileña se expande a la región amazónica donde áreas virgenes grandes se ponen actualmente bajo cultivo. Es por lo tanto urgente mejorar el conocimiento de las características y condiciones de los suelos de esa región. En este estudio un podzol amarillo rojizo y un latosol amarillo fueren usados para estudiar el transporte de urea y sus transformaciones bajo saturación en el laboratorio. Los suelos fueron colectados en un área deforestada en 1976 y plantada bajo frutales. Los suelos se sometieron a técnicas de desplazamiento miscible bajo alimentación contínua y aplicaciones pulsadas con el fin de describir matemáticamente el transporte de úrea en función del tiempo y de la profundidad. Se consideró que los mecanismos de transformación obedecían cinéticas de primer orden. La úrea es rápidamente lixiviada de ambos suelos. La recuperación de úrea en el efluente de las columnas de 30 cm de diámetro fué de 91% para el podzol y 86% para el latosol. El nitrógeno amoniacal, producto de la hidrólisis de úrea se lixivió rápidamente y su recuperación en el efluente fué 4,2% para el podzol y 11,2% para el latosol. Una proporción muy pequeña del nitrógeno, incluyendo el NH4 + intercambiable y el nitrógeno en la biomasa, permaneció en las columas al final del experimento. Estos resultados indican el extremo cuidado en el manejo de estos suelos necesario para evitar pérdidas de nitrógeno, particularmente del aplicado en fertilizantes.
    Notes: Abstract Brazilian agriculture is now expanding toward the Amazon region, where large new areas of virgin lands are being brought under cultivation. There is therefore an urgent need to better understand the conditions and characteristics of the soils of that region. In this study a Red Yellow Podzol and a Yellow Latosol were used to examine urea transport and transformation in the laboratory under water-saturated conditions. The soils were collected in an area that was deforested in 1976 and planted to tropical fruits since then. Soils were subjected to miscible displacement techniques under both continuous feed and pulse applications of urea to mathematically describe urea transport and transformation as functions of depth and time. Transformation mechanisms were considered to be first order kinetics. Urea was readily leached from both soils. Recovery of urea in the effluent of the 30 cm colums was 91% for the Podzol and 86% for the Latosol. NH4 +−N from urea hydrolysis was also readily leached and its recovery in the effluent was 4.2% for the Podzol and 11.2% for the Latosol. Very little nitrogen-including exchangeable NH4 +−N and biomass nitrogen-was left in the columns of either soil at the end of the experiment. These results emphasize that extremely careful management of these soils is necessary to prevent nitrogen losses, particularly losses of fertilizer-N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 367-376 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amazonas ; Entisol ; Hydrologic losses ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Oxisol ; Streamflow ; Regional budget ; Ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Con el fin de comprender la importancia relativa de los ecosistemas y los procesos del ciclo de nitrógeno dentro de la cuenca Amazónica, hemos establecido un balance generalizado para este elemento basado en los datos de pérdidas de nitrógeno por las aguas y la fijación biológica en los bosques Amazónicos. Se incluye en el modelo la información disponible para las aguas que entran y salen de la cuenca entera asi como para una cuenca experimental sobre oxisoles y ultisoles cerca de Manaus, Brasil. También se incluyen datos de fijación biológica de nitrógeno en suelos diferentes de la Amazonia Central. Entre 4–6 kg N ha−1 año−1 salen por el rio Amazonas y cantidades semejantes entran al sistema por precipitación. La fijación biológica de nitrógeno en las raices contribuye con ca. 2 kg N ha−1 año−1 en bosques sobre oxisoles, 20 kg N ha−1 año−1 en bosques sobre ultisoles y unos 200 kg N ha−1 año−1 en bosques sobre entisoles mas fértiles en la ‘varzea’. La relación NH4−N vs NO3−N está alrededor de 5–10 tanto para las aguas de lluvia como para las de los rios cerca de Manaus. Para la cuenca del Amazonas se obtuvo, basándose en los datos arriba mencionados y en algunas premises, el siguiente balance regional. Entradas por precipitación, 36×108 kg N año−1; fijación biológica de nitrógeno, 120×108 kg N año−1. Las salidas por el rio Amazonas, 36×108 kg N año−1 y por desnitrificación y volatilización (por diferencia), 120–108 kg N año−1.
    Notes: Abstract In order to better understand the relative importance of different ecosystems and nitrogen cycling processes within the Amazon basin to the nitrogen economy of this region, we constructed a generalized nitrogen budget for the region based on data for hydrologic losses of nitrogen and nitrogen fixation in Amazon forests. Data included information available for nitrogen in water entering and leaving both the entire basin and watersheds on oxisol and ultisol soils near Manaus, Brazil, in addition to biological nitrogen fixation in forests on ultisol, oxisol and entisol (‘varzea’) soils in Central Amazonia. Available data indicate that 4–6 kg N ha−1 yr−1 are lost via the River Amazonas, and that a similar amount enters in rainfall. Root-associated biological nitrogen fixation contributesca. 2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to forests on oxisols, 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to forests on utisols, and 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to forests on fertile varzea soils. There is 5–10 fold more NH4 +−N than NO3−N in rain and stream water entering and leaving the waterbasin near Manaus. Calculations based on these data plus certain assumption yield the following regional nitrogen balance estimate: inputs through bulk deposition of 36×108 kg N yr−1 and through biological nitrogen fixation of 120×108 kg N yr−1, and outputsvia the River Amazonas of 36×108 kg N yr−1 andvia denitrification and volatization (by difference) of 120×108 kg N yr−1.
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