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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 31 (1975), S. 554-556 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Ruhemembranpotential der Stria-vascularis-Zellen wurde innen mit einer Mikroglaselektrode gemessen. Bei 22°C betrug das durchschnittliche Ruhemembranpotential negativ 29 mV in normaler Säuger-Ringerlösung und auch in künstlicher Endolymphe. Hohe K-Ionenkonzentration im Medium beeinflusste das Ruhemembranpotential nicht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 192 (1968), S. 124-136 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand von Serienschnitten wurde die Morphologic der Prominentia spiralis und des Sulcus externus elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht, wobei besonders die Beziehung der Sulcus externus-Zellen („Wurzelzellen”) und kanälchenähnlicher Strukturen genauer überprüft wurden. Wir bestätigten zwischen den Wurzelzellen radial verlaufende kleine Känalchen und fanden in den Epithelzellen der Prominentia spiralis tiefe Invaginationen des extracellulären Raumes auf der Seite der Prominentia spiralis, die fast die endolymphatische Oberfläche erreichten. Injektionsversuche mit Thorotrast ergaben, daß es sich hierbei ausnahmslos um Kanälchen handelt, die sich vom Ligamentum spirale her tief in die Wurzelzellen und das Epithel der Prominentia spiralis einsenken. Ein mit der Endolymphe kommunizierendes Kanalsystem konnten wir nicht bestätigen. Bis 30 min nach Injektion zeigten die Epithelzellen der Prominentia spiralis und des Sulcus externus noch keine Resorption der injizierten Partikel aus der Endolymphe. Dagegen fanden wir eine deutliche Resorption von Thorotrastpartikeln aus der Perilymphe im Bereich der Stromazellen der Prominentia spiralis und der Wurzelzellen.
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the prominentia spiralis and the sulcus externus was examined electronmicroscopically by series sections with special reference to the relation between the cells of the sulcus externus (root-cells) and the canaliculi-like structures earlier described by lightmicroscopists. We confirmed the existance of ductlet-like structures between the roots of the sulcus externus cells. Further we observed invaginations of the extracellular spaces of the spiral ligament into the cells of the prominentia spiralis (Fig. 2). After injection of thorium-dioxide into the endolymphatic space no th-particles penetrated into the described canaliculi; only when the injection was carried out through the perilymphatic space, we found the th-particles within the canaliculi (Fig. 5). Hence we concluded that the canalicular system of the prominentia spiralis and the sulcus externus is in direct communication only with the perilymph, and there is no free passage to the endolymphatic space. The epithelial cells of the prominentia spiralis and sulcus externus did not show any resorption of the injected particles from the endolymph (Fig. 8) but there was a marked uptake of the thorium-dioxide particles from the perilymph by the stroma cells of the prominentia spiralis and the root cells (Figs. 6, 7).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 195 (1970), S. 226-245 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The transportation processes are directly concerned to the maintenance of the function of the cochlea. The transport system in the inner ear naturally follows the similar pattern as in most other tissues or cells. Free diffusion usually takes place in the homogeneous media. Such kind of homogeneous media can be found in the endolymph and perilymph. Free diffusion through membranes depends on the size of permeating molecules and pores of the membranes. Pinocytosis and Cytopempsis play also an important role. Mechanisms for maintaining the function of hearing by diffusion, Pinocytosis and active transport have been discussed. The physical electrochemical concentration provides a great possibility to explain the function of the ionic differences in the endolymph and perilymph. Recent research of the movement of the ions has introduced us to some new ideas; we must re-consider the cellular function of the enzymes of the inner ear. It seems clear that future works in the biology of the inner ear evidently involve the following two: 1. The importance of paying more attention to the submicroscopical structure of the inner ear cells and membranes, which involve in active transport system. 2. Kinetic studies of the transport systems and their linkage with inner ear metabolism.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Funktion des Innenohres ist eng verbunden mit einer Summe von passiven und aktiven Transportvorgängen, die in ihrem Ablauf den allgemeinen biologischen Gesetzen unterliegen. Passiven Transport als freie Diffusion finden wir in den großen Flüssigkeitsräumen des Innenohres, wobei nur der Endolymphraum durch den trennenden Epithelwall von den ubrigen Strukturen abgegrenzt wind. Alle übrigen Räume — Perilymphskalen, Intercellularspalten, “Cortilymphraume” etc. — kommunizieren miteinander und enthalten Perilymphe, d.h. Extracellularflüssigkeit als gemeinsames homogenes Medium. Über die “Cortilymphe” diffundiert auch Sauerstoff, und zwar hauptsächlich von den Gefäßen im Limbus spiralis und von der Perilymphe der Scala tympani zu den Sinneszellen der Cochlea. Zur Überwindung biologischer Membranen stehen verschiedene Transport-mechanismen zur Verfügung. Je nach Beschaffenheit der zu transportierenden Substanzen und der zu durchdringenden Membranen kommen Pinocytosevorgänge, elektrochemische Kräfte, Trägersysteme oder auch spezifische Pumpen in Frage. Pinocytosevorgänge lassen rich elektronenmikroskopisch besonders gut an der Reissner-Membran, an der Stria vascularis, an den Interdentalzellen des Limbus und auch an den Endothelzellen von Blutgefäßcapillaren nachweisen. Von besonderer Bedeutung sind die Elektrolyttransporte für die Funktion des Innenohres. Energiebetriebene Pumpen, elektrochemische Kräfte und passive Diffusion bewirken zusammen die unterschiedlichen Elektrolytkonzentrationen in den verschiedenen Skalen. Neue Befunde über die Na-K-aktivierte ATPase werden in diesem Zusammenhang diskutiert. Es 1st anzunehmen, daß in Zukunft für die Biologie des Innenohres besonders aufschlußreiche Resultate durch folgende Untersuchungen zu erwarten sind: 1. Pharmakokinetische Studien uber die Abhängigkeit der Transportsysteme vom Innenohrstoffwechsel. 2. Überprüfung derjenigen submikroskopischen Strukturen der Zellen und Membranen des Innenohres, die am aktiven Transport beteiligt sind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 214 (1977), S. 291-302 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Synchronization therapy ; Mitotic index ; Cytophotometry ; Radioautography ; 5-Fluoro-uracil ; Human tumors ; Cell cycle ; Length of DNA-synthesis ; DNA-synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Formerly (1969) we have been able to demonstrate that during a lengthy inhibition of the DNA synthesis with 5-fluoro-uracil (FU), cells assemble just before, at the outset of, and within the S-phase. By taking off the inhibition, these cells start off together for the rest of the life cycle and pass the S, G2 and M phase like a wave. By the experimental condition given, the time required for passing the S phase was rather constant for all tissues. It generally took about 8 h. The sensitivity of cells to radiation depends on the current phase of their life cycle. Normally they are highly radiosensitive during the transition from G1 to S phase and within the G2 phase. Therefore we tried to improve the effectiveness of radiotherapy by radiating the synchronized cell population in the G2 phase. In clinical treatment we give an infusion with 1 g FU in 1000 ml 5.4% Glucose for 12 h. 8–9 h after the end of the infusion radiation will be applied (Betatron, individual doses: 500 rad). This treatment will be repeated until a total dose of 5000–6000 rad. Until now nearly 300 cases of patients treated in this way have been published. The 5 year-results show only in about 60% of the patients a fast reduction of the tumor. The long term results are unsatisfactory. Beside many other points the most important reason for these clinical results might be the individual length of the S phase of the tumors which prevents that radiation can be given exactly in G2 phase in each case. With mitotic-index determination, with cytophotometric investigations and the double labelling technique (3H- and 14C-Thymidine) we therefore tried to find an answer to the following questions: 1. How long is the DNA synthesis time in the individual case of human ENT tumors? 2. Does the application of FU influence the length of the S phase? 3. Will the synchronization-degree become higher by using other methods of cell cycle inhibition? With the above mentioned experimental methods we found that the length of the S phase in human tumor spreads from about 8–16 h in the individual case. The application of FU has no influence on DNA synthesis time. By using FU the degree of synchronization is about 2.5 in according to former experimental work and that of other authors. These results will be discussed in detail as well as the conclusion we draw from our experiments: to give radiation not in G2 but in G1/S of the cell cycle. Long-term observation of the patients and further animal experiments shall demonstrate whether this technique of synchronization therapy will improve the clinical results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 213 (1976), S. 458-459 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is reported about 17 larynx with vocal cord carcinoma treated by preoperativ radiation. All the larynx were investigated by the coronal section method. 15 cases showed a general complete suppression of mitosis activity of the tumors and a destruction and devitalization especially of the tumor fingers on the peripheral area of carcinoma. This reaction differed in individual cases a little bit. No changement of tumor vitality was seen in two vocal cord carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary With regard to the suggestions of the UICC (1979) we examined the 5-years survival rates of 384 patients with laryngo-pharyngeal T3/4 carcinomas and got the following results: Low dose preoperative irradiation diminishes the rate of local recurrences in supraglottic cancer distinctly and increases the survival rate. But in view of the carcinomas of all laryngeal regions it is equal whether the patient has been irradiated before or after the laryngectomy. More details of this study will be published before long in Ann. Otol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 243 (1986), S. 309-312 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Laryngeal cancer ; Circulating immune complexes ; Lymphocyte stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated the in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with tumor extracts and serum-derived fractions from five patients with laryngeal carcinomas. Lymphocyte cultures were propagated by Interleukin-2 or phytohemagglutinin. Sera of the same patients were fractionated and the amount of circulating immune complexes present was measured by a Raji cell assay. A positive lymphocyte reaction was found in only two of the five cases after stimulation with autologous tumor extract. This response was determined by an increased 3H-thymidine incorporation. The reactive lymphocytes could be restimulated by autologous serum-derived fractions, which contained high or very low levels of circulating immune complexes. A characterization of different lymphocyte subsets revealed an elimination of natural killer cells and a relative enrichment of T-helper cells during in vitro stimulation and cultivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 185 (1965), S. 673-677 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 212 (1976), S. 219-229 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Perilymph-Endolymph Relations ; Ionic Movement ; Sources of Driving Forces ; Model for Menière's Disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The endolymphatic system is morphologically a close system. The inner surface of the wall is tightly lined with an epithelium of ectodermal origin. The perilymphatic spaces are enlarged intercellular spaces which are built from the embryonic mesenchyme. 2. The perilymph ist an ultrafiltrate of plasma. There is probably a flow from the cerebrospinal fluid which is constantly renewed. The diffusion in the perilymph is dependent on the concentration and the size of the molecules. The endolymph is mainly a perilymph-filtrate. The “secretory” epithelia (e.g. stria vascularis cells and other tissues) of the endolymphatic system perform an important role to sustain the potassium and sodium concentrations. The ionic concentrations regulate the water movement also the volume of the endolymphatic spaces. They are maintained by anoxy-sensitive pumps. 3. The DC potential within the endolymphatic spaces represents the movement of certain electrical charge through membranes. By applying various inhibitors it is possible to distinguish the pumping mechanisms, and to observe the continuous changes of potassium and sodium concentrations with Na+ specific electrodes and K+ specific electrodes. There are probably three interdependent sources of driving-forces: a. A positively electrogenic K+-pump which is anoxia-sensitive and can be inhibited by Ethacrynic acid. This mechanism is more active in stria cells and less so in utricle and saccule. b. A negatively electrogenic Na+-K+ exchange-pump in all parts of the endolymphatic spaces is inhibited by Ouabain or anoxia. c. The passive diffusion of potassium-ions from endolymph to perilymph results an electro-negative effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 217 (1977), S. 339-346 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Na+ and K+ content ; EP ; Oil perfusion ; Guinea pigs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The source of EP and the production of the endolymph are often considered to be at the stria vascularis. However, the significance of Reissner's membrane in maintaining the ionic composition of the endolymph cannot be ruled out. We perfused the entire perilymphatic space of guinea pigs with paraffin oil to determine the effects on the endolymph and perilymph. After 1 and 2 h the endolymph was removed from the second turn and the ionic concentration of these samples was measured by flamephotometry. The results revealed no significant changes in Na+ and K+ concentration as compared to normal endolymph. EP was measured from the second turn under an equivalent experimental condition. During 1 h of oil perfusion, EP remained fairly constant. From these experiments we surmise that perilymph and Reissner's membrane do not influence the ionic composition of the endolymph and EP during 1 or 2 h of our experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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