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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 62 (1968), S. 363-388 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Imaginal disks and the gonads of Ch. thummi have been used to obtain clear criteria for the determination of the developmental stage of 4th instar larvae. The imaginal “anlagen” are growing continuously and the established developmental “phases” are representing equal intervals of time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 50 (1963), S. 49-50 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 47 (1960), S. 21-22 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 71 (1985), S. 409-418 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The flight tones generated by wing beat frequencies of adult female and male non-biting midges,Chironomus anthracinus, infested by a species ofLimnomermis are very similar (mean values 219.9 and 228.9 Hz respectively), intermediate between normal females (205.1) and males (363.1), but closer to that of the uninfested females. Similarly, the wing shape of parasitized individuals appears intermediate resembling the female more than the male. Statistically wing width and surface area in the parasitized adults resemble those of females and differ significantly from those of normal males. The wing length of the parasitized midges, however, is more like that of males, but there is no statistically significant difference between the groups. Malnutrition of the larvae caused by competition with the parasite seems to result in wing shortening superimposed on sexual differences. All parameters of wing shape are negatively correlated with flight tones. Weight and musculature of the parasitized individuals have also been investigated, but only where worms were present in the thorax was a change found in the flight tones. The flight tone changes served no apparent biological function for the parasitized midges, but the worms apparently benefit from behavioural changes of the infected host, thereby reaching habitats where fresh hosts for its larvae may be available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 36 (1971), S. 73-94 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Ovarien mermithideninfizierter Imagines, Puppen und Larven von Chironomus finden einige der bei Wülker und Winter (1970) für das 4. Larvenstadium geschilderten Prozesse der normalen Ovarentwicklung statt. Der entscheidende Einfluß des Parasiten liegt darin, daß er die Buchtenbildung des Follikelepithels, d.h. den morphogenetischen Grundprozeß der Ovariolenbildung, verhindert. Dementsprechend entfallen auch alle nachfolgenden Vorgänge der Normalentwicklung. Das in seiner morphogenetischen Potenz gehemmte Follikelepithel wird bevorzugt aufgelöst. Der Auflösung gehen vesikuläre Umwandlung des rauhen endoplasmatischen Reticulums, Mitochondrienquellung und Auftreten von Zellfortsätzen an der Innenseite des Follikelepithels voran. Die Innenzellen degenerieren seltener. Ihre Schädigung äußert sich in marginaler Chromatinkondensation oder Anhäufung osmiophiler Substanzen im Kern, Vakuolisierung, Bildung myelinartiger Strukturen und granulärem Zerfall in Kern und Plasma und Aberrationen einzelner Organellen (Mitochondrien, dense bodies). Oft ist die Wand parasitär geschädigter Ovarien zottenartig gefaltet. In die dadurch entstehenden Buchten fügen sich von außen kommende Gewebsteile ein. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die allgemeine Organpathologie, auf das Problem des Schädigungsmechanismus und auf Atresieerscheinungen im Ovar nicht parasitierter Individuen diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In the ovaries of the adults, pupae and larvae of Chironomus, which are infected by mermithid worms, some of the processes of normal ovary development as described by Wülker and Winter (1970) for the fourth larval instar take place: the ovary is differentiated in outer and inner cells; peritoneal and follicular epithelium become separated by fissures; oocytes and nurse cells are differentiated, and inner cells begin to grow (Fig. 1). The decisive influence of the parasite consists of preventing the formation of invaginations in the follicle epithelium, that is, the morphogenetically fundamental process in the formation of the ovarioles. Accordingly all subsequent processes (wandering of oocytes and nurse cells into the invaginations, polarization of the ovariole cells, formation of the egg passage, giant growth of the oocytes) fail to occur. The follicle epithelium, inhibited in its morphogenetic potential, disintegrates with preference. This disintegration is preceded by vesicular transformation of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum, imbibition of the mitochondria and appearance of cell processes at the inner margin of the follicle epithelium (Figs. 2, 3). The inner cells, which are often loosely arranged, degenerate less frequently, mainly in comparatively well developed ovaries. Damage to these cells is apparent as marginal condensation or accumulation of osmiophilic substances in the nucleus, vacuolization, formation of myelin-like structures and granular dissociation in the nucleus and cytoplasm and aberrations in various organelles (mitochondria, dense bodies, Figs. 4, 5). The wall of ovaries, which have been damaged by parasites, is often folded together in ridges. Pieces of tissue from outside the ovary fitted into the grooves between the ridges (Fig. 6). The extent of damage varies and shows no fixed correlation to the age of the individual or the duration of the parasitation. The results are discussed with respect to general organ pathology, the problem of the pathological mechanism and manifestations of atresia in the ovary of non parasitized individuals (Fig. 7).
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 26 (1965), S. 29-49 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Before penetration, the infective young larvae of Gastromermis rosea paralyse their hosts, the larvae of the chironomid midge Chironomus anthracinus. As is shown by direct observations, analysis of motion pictures and by experiments, induction of paralysis requires a number of direct contacts continuing several seconds between parasites and the host larvae. During these contacts the parasite carries out characteristic undulating and boring movements, the details of which are described. In all probability the infective larva injects a very effective substance below the host's cuticle. As a consequence the muscles of the host's body begin violent migrating contractions, which are confined to a very short area of the whole muscle. These contractions change the microstructure of the muscle and are terminated by a kind of torpidity resembling contracture. The heart shows tetanic maximal contraction, which is followed later by irregular undulating movements of its surface. It is possible to obtain comparable effects by means of potassium chloride, which is known to produce muscular contractures. This fact supports the hypothesis of a chemical action by the parasite and indicates a possible nature of the substance in question, the identification of which will be very difficult. Only after initial boring and probably under the influence of seeping body fluids (hemolymph?) of the host, the parasite larvae collect at the hind end of the host larva, curling there in a typical manner and finally penetrating the host with assistance of a stylet. This method of inducing host paralysis — by no means a common fact in endoparasites — is restricted to certain mermithids and is applicable only to a certain number of host species.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die infektionsfähigen Junglarven von Gastromermis rosea lähmen ihre Wirte, das sind Larven der Zuckmücke Chironomus anthracinus, vor dem Eindringen. Wie direkte Beobachtungen, Auswertung von Filmaufnahmen und Experimente zeigen, sind zur Auslösung dieser Lähmung direkte, einige Sekunden andauernde Kontakte der lebenden Larven mit dem Wirt erforderlich. Bei solchen Kontakten schlängelt und bohrt der Parasit in bestimmter, im einzelnen analysierter Weise („Lähmungsbohren“) und bringt dabei nach aller Wahrscheinlichkeit einen hochwirksamen Stoff unter die Cuticula. Dadurch werden in der Körpermuskulatur extrem starke, wandernde und auf einen kleinen Abschnitt des Einzelmuskels lokalisierte Kontraktionen hervorgerufen, die die Feinstruktur des Muskels ändern und in einer kontrakturähnlichen Starre des Körpers enden. Das Herz gerät in systolischen Tetanus, dem eine unregelmäßige Wellenbewegung an der Herzoberfläche folgt. Ähnliche Effekte kann man bei Einwirkung des Kontrakturstoffes KCl beobachten, wodurch die Annahme einer chemischen Aktion des Parasiten gestützt und ein erster Hinweis auf die Natur des direkt schwer nachweisbaren Stoffes gegeben wird. Erst nach dieser Vorbereitung sammeln sich die Parasitenlarven unter typischen Knäuelbewegungen am Hinterende des Wirtes — wobei wahrscheinlich austretende Körperflüssigkeit (Hämolymphe?) eine auslösende Rolle spielt — und dringen mit Hilfe des Bohrstachels in den Wirt ein. Die geschilderte, bei Endoparasiten seltene Fähigkeit zur Lähmung des Wirtes ist spezifisch für bestimmte Mermithiden und nur auf einen engumschriebenen Wirtskreis anwendbar.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Helmichia glandulicola, a microsporidian parasite specific for cells of the salivary glands of the midgeChironomus anthracinus, is described. It is characterized by tubular spores with a distinct polar cap that are enclosed in persistent octosporous pansporoblasts. The pansporoblastic membrane is formed early during the first sporogonial division. A granular secretion occurs in the pansporoblast among the oval sporoblasts, which subsequently become tubular and display a rigid polar filament. The solitary infected cell reacts with hypertrophy and depletion of its endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomal system. There are differences in the morphology of mitochondria in infected vs noninfected cells. The production of saliva by the host is only partially reduced following infection.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 57 (1978), S. 255-267 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die parasitogene Schädigung undifferenzierten Gewebes kann an Imaginalscheiben von Insektenlarven (Chironomiden), die von Mermithiden (Nematoda) befallen sind, analysiert werden. Die Arbeit schildert und diskutiert Aberrationen im Hinblick auf Mitoserate, Zelltod, Organogenese, Zellmusterdifferenzierung und Zelldifferenzierung.
    Notes: Summary The imaginal discs of chironomid larvae infected with mermithid nematodes provide a useful model for the study of parasitic effects upon undifferentiated tissue. Specific aberrations concerning mitotic rate, cell death, organogenesis, cell pattern differentiation and cell differentiation are described and discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 64 (1980), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Intersexuality ; Pedicel of antennae ; Chironomus ; Limnomermis rosea ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der normale Bau der Scolopidialorgane in den Pedicelli der Antennen vonChironomus entspricht dem vonAedes, mit Ausnahme folgender Besonderheiten: a) Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus des Organes ist ausgeprägter als beiAedes. b) Das Pedicelluslumen ist lateral und ventral größer als medial und dorsal. c) Der Bau des Geißelgelenkes ist einfacher, die innere Pedicelluswand massiv. d) Die Spangen des männlichen Pedicellus sind abwärts gebogen, die Scolopidien des proximalen Ringes setzen von oben und unten an den Spangen an, 2–4 der unteren Scolopidien jeder Spange haben größeren Durchmesser. Die Scolopidienzahl im proximalen Ring der ♀ ist viel geringer als beiAedes. e) Das Zentralorgan ist bei beiden Geschlechtern gleich, seine Scolopidien entsprechen Typ D vonAedes (Boo und Richards 1975a, b). Bei ♂ vonC. anthracinus Zett., die vonLimnomermis rosea Hagm. parasitiert sind, entspricht der Pedicellus völlig dem normaler und parasitierter ♀ (Tabelle 1). Werden ♂ vonC. riparius Meig. oderC. luridus Str. mit dem gleichen Parasiten infiziert, so kann der Pedicellus intersex abgewandelt sein: Der Grad der distalen Einsenkung, der Bau des Flagellum-Pedicellus-Gelenkes, die Spangenzahl und die Scolopidienzahl im proximalen Ring können offenbar alle Zwischenstufen zwischen männlicher und weiblicher Ausprägung erreichen. Der Übergang männchenähnlicher und weibchenähnlicher Bereiche in solchen Pedicelli erscheint abrupt. Die Ultramorphologie der Scolopidien bleibt vom Parasiten unbeeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract The normal morphology of the scolopidial organs in pedicels ofChironomus antennae corresponds to that ofAedes, with the following exceptions: (a) The sexual dimorphism of the organ is more pronounced than inAedes. (b) The lumen of the pedicel is larger at its lateral and ventral side than at its median and dorsal side. (c) The construction of the flagellar side than at its median and dorsal side. (c) The construction of the flagellar prongs in male pedicels are directed downwards. The scolopidia of the proximal ring are attached to the upper and lower side of the prongs, 2–4 of the lower scolopidia of each prong have a greater diameter. The number of scolopidia in the proximal ring of females is much less than inAedes. (e) The central organ is identical in both sexes, its scolopidia correspond to type D ofAedes (Boo and Richards 1975 a, b). Pedicel structures inChironomus anthracinus males parasitized byLimnomermis rosea are identical to those of normal and parasitized females (Table 1). IfC. riparius orC. luridus males are parasitized by the same nematode, pedicels are often intersexual: The degree of the distal depression, construction of the flagellar articulation, number of prongs, and number of scolopidia in the proximal ring may attain all intergrades between maleness and femaleness. The transition between male- and female-like parts of the pedicel is abrupt. The ultramorphology of the scolopidia, however, is not influenced by the parasite.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 6 (1976), S. 148-155 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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