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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histidine nutrition and genotype affect cataract development in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The aim of this study was to investigate effects of dietary levels of histidine (His) and iron (Fe) on cataract development in two strains of Atlantic salmon monitored through parr-smolt transformation. Three experimental diets were fed: (i) a control diet (CD) with 110 mg kg−1 Fe and 11.7 g kg−1 His; (ii) CD supplemented with crystalline His to a level of 18 g kg−1 (HD); and (iii) HD with added iron up to 220 mg kg−1 (HID). A cross-over design, with two feeding periods was used. A 6-week freshwater (FW) period was followed by a 20-week period, of which the first three were in FW and the following 17 weeks in sea water (SW). Fish were sampled for weighing, cataract assessment and tissue analysis at five time points. Cataracts developed in all groups in SW, but scores were lower in those fed high His diets (P 〈 0.05). This effect was most pronounced when HD or HID was given in SW, but was also observed when these diets were given in FW only. Histidine supplementation had a positive effect on growth performance and feed conversion ratio (P 〈 0.05), whereas this did not occur when iron was added. Groups fed HD or HID had higher lens levels of His and N-acetyl histidine (NAH), the latter showing a marked increase post-smoltification (P 〈 0.05). The HD or HID groups also showed higher muscle concentrations of the His dipeptide anserine (P 〈 0.05). There was a strong genetic influence on cataract development in the CD groups (P 〈 0.001), not associated with tissue levels of His or NAH. The role of His and His-related compounds in cataractogenesis is discussed in relation to tissue buffering, osmoregulation and antioxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00640.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Teratogenicity of elevated egg incubation temperature and egg vitamin A status in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 27 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present study was undertaken to investigate the possibility that high egg vitamin A (VA) status in combination with elevated egg incubation temperatures may cause deformities in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Egg batches selected for their total VA concentration were exposed to low (normal, 8 °C) or elevated (14 °C) egg incubation temperatures. Temperature was the main factor causing bone deformities such as warped gill opercula, fin and jaw deformities, but not for the development of spinal deformities where all groups displayed a ‘baseline’ occurrence of mild deformity (decreased vertebral size in the cephalic region) and no systematic variation in the occurrence of serious spinal deformities (fused vertebrae). A possible effect of egg incubation temperature fluctuation was found for the groups reared at low temperatures. An indication of a negative effect of elevated egg VA status for the development of organ deformities such as missing septum transversum and situs inversus was found in addition to temperature effects, however, no firm conclusions could be drawn from the present data. The phenotypes for temperature-induced deformities resembled the phenotype of VA-induced deformities, but no clear conclusions on the causality of the deformities found in the present study could be drawn. Egg incubation temperatures, both absolute temperature and temperature variations, should therefore be strictly controlled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00536.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cataract formation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolt relative to dietary pro- and antioxidants and lipid level (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of cataracts in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was studied in 16 groups of smolts fed diets differing in prooxidant (iron, copper, manganese) and antioxidant (vitamin E, vitamin C, astaxanthin) composition and lipid level for 23 weeks in sea water, using a 27--3 reduced factorial design. The seven dietary variables were systematically varied at low (requirement level and 150 g lipid kg−1) and high levels (below known toxic levels and 320 g lipid kg−1). A mean endpoint cataract incidence of approximately 36% was observed. High dietary levels of vitamin C and astaxanthin reduced cataract frequency, whereas high dietary lipid level, iron and manganese were associated with increased cataract frequencies. Considering the nutritional status of selected organs of the fish, only the status of ascorbic acid correlated negatively to cataract development (P 〈 0.05). The lens glutathione (GSH) status was not correlated to cataract frequency, nor statistically explained by the dietary variables. However, the study shows that balancing the diet with respect to pro- and antioxidant nutrients may significantly protect Atlantic salmon against development of cataracts. An incidence of reversible osmotic cataract observed at week 14 was positively correlated to plasma glucose concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00449.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A multivariate study on the effects of dietary vitamin K, vitamin D3 and calcium, and dissolved carbon dioxide on growth, bone minerals, vitamin status and health performance in smolting Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Bone deformities represent an increasing, unsolved problem for intensive farming of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. To increase insight into nutritional and environmental impacts on bone mineralization, 16 groups of Atlantic salmon parr were fed diets with different levels of menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB), vitamin D3, and calcium (Ca), and exposed to different levels of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) based on a multivariate factorial design (24). The composition of the experimental diets was either a high or low level of each of the design variables. In addition, four groups (centre points) were fed a diet with intermediate levels of all dietary parameters and exposed to an intermediate level of dissolved CO2 to record the variation among tanks. After 6 weeks in fresh water, fish were marked according to group, transferred to a common net pen in sea water and fed commercial feed for another 11 weeks. High levels of CO2 decreased fish growth both in fresh water and sea water. No visible bone deformities were recorded at any time. Dry matter, protein and ash compositions of bone and concentrations of Ca, phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) in bone were not significantly affected by any of the design variables. Minor effects were observed in clinical parameters recording health performance, stress and plasma Ca homeostasis. The mean level of vitamin D3 measured as cholecalciferol in fish organs increased significantly during the freshwater period and reflected dietary vitamin D3, whereas the level decreased when fish were fed commercial feed in sea water. The level of menaquinone in liver increased significantly in response to high dietary levels of MSB, indicating that dietary MSB was converted to menaquinone in salmon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00403.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water temperature regimes affect cataract development in smolting Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 24 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of fluctuation in water temperature during the freshwater rearing stage on cataract development in Atlantic salmon was investigated. Presmolts were exposed to either constant low or high temperatures, or high temperature with cold-water fluctuations. Temperature fluctuations caused the fastest growth rate and most severe cataracts, whilst low temperature resulted in slow growth and minor cataracts. The fish were then individually marked and maintained together in a seawater net pen for 7 months. Cataract progressed in all groups, fish from the low temperature group showed the fastest subsequent growth, and developed cataracts to the same degree as fish from the other groups. There were no statistically significant differences in selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase levels in pooled samples of aqueous humour, lens and plasma from fish with or without cataract, except from the last freshwater samples, where cataractous fish showed lower plasma activity. Plasma cortisol and glucose levels did not differ, nor did whole eye riboflavin levels. Higher concentrations of some free amino acids in whole eyes were found in fish with cataract. This study shows that fluctuation in water temperature may cause both increased growth rate and cataract development in Atlantic salmon and that cataract development initiated in the freshwater rearing phase continues after transfers to seawater.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2001.00299.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blood chemistry and organ nutrient composition in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed graded amounts of wheat starch (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 1 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: After feeding Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., five graded amounts of wheat starch from 0 to 310 g kg−1, low but increased levels of glycogen in kidney, heart and gills were determined. No variations were found in proximate or glycogen compositions of muscle, whereas the liver composition reflected the diet composition. Whole-body homogenates varied in dry matter and lipid levels; the variation was according to g lipid eaten per fish. Plasma glucose levels ranged above average levels only when the starch level in the feed was higher than 220 g kg−1. Although feed intake and thereby lipid intake increased as dietary carbohydrate increased in the present experiment, no differences in plasma concentrations of cholesterol and only small changes in triglycerides were determined. The increase in dietary carbohydrate was balanced with protein, and total plasma protein concentrations followed the decrease in feed protein content. Haematocrit, haemoglobin, mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin all showed significantly reduced levels as dietary starch increased, indicating a fibre effect from ‘left-over’ starch in the intestine followed by reduced absorption of divalent ions, such as iron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.1995.tb00033.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of gelatinized wheat and maize in diets for large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) on glycogen retention, plasma glucose and fish health (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 2 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This publication reports on analytical data from a large-scale experiment, using 3360 Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., distributed into 12 sea cages. Salmon were grown from an average 600 g to an average 3.5 kg. Samples for analyses were taken when fish were in the range of 1.8 and 3.5 kg. Dietary changes between groups were increased starch from 24 to 230 g kg−1 and balanced with protein. The diets were isolipic.All salmon showed small stores of glycogen in all analysed organs, and only in heart, gills and kidney of large fish (3.5 kg) were the levels correlated with dietary starch. Minor differences between groups were found in liver NADPH production, but with substantially decreased NADPH production per g protein as the fish grew from 1.8 to 3.5 kg, indicating that increasing dietary starch did not lead to induction of liver hexokinase, and that the activity of this enzyme may decline as fish size increases.An increase in plasma glucose concentrations was found as dietary starch increased, but all levels were moderate and ranged within reference values. Plasma total protein concentrations did not, however, vary according to decreased dietary protein, but increased substantially in all groups as the fish grew from 1.8 to 3.5 kg. Dietary treatments had no influence on haematological parameters, except for decreased haemoglobin concentrations as dietary starch increased in large fish (3.5 kg). No impared liver function was detected, evaluated by activities of ASAT, ALAT and LDH, and by histological analyses. Low serum lysozyme activities were recorded in all groups, and were not correlated with plasma glucose or liver glycogen concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.1996.tb00005.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The need for riboflavin supplementation in high and low energy diets for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. parr (2002)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 8 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A two-factor study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary riboflavin and lipid levels on the growth, health performance and riboflavin status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Atlantic salmon parr were fed four fishmeal-based diets with or without supplementation of 20 mg riboflavin kg–1, at two lipid levels, 150 or 300 g kg–1. Each diet was fed to triplicate tanks of fish for 12 weeks. Unsupplemented diets contained between 6 and 8 mg riboflavin kg–1. There were no significant differences in growth as a result of riboflavin supplementation. No mortality or histomorphological changes in eye tissues were observed. Dietary treatments did not affect blood haemoglobin values. After 12 weeks, muscle lipid content seemed to be reduced by riboflavin supplementation irrespective of dietary lipid level. Riboflavin status of whole body, muscle, liver, kidney and eye lenses is reported. Saturation levels of riboflavin in liver and muscle were reached with unsupplemented diets. The concentrations of riboflavin and lipid in liver were negatively correlated. There was a tendency of higher whole body riboflavin concentration in fish fed high-lipid diets. Based on growth, absence of deficiency signs and maximal tissue saturation of riboflavin, it can be concluded that the requirement for riboflavin was met by the natural riboflavin content in the raw materials of the feed. However, independent of dietary lipid level, dietary riboflavin supplementation may increase lipid utilization in rapidly growing salmon parr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2002.00210.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Folate in eggs and developing larvae of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Folate mobilization from the yolk compartment during larval development was studied by analysing the folate concentration in whole body, embryo and yolk in a single batch of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., eggs and larvae that showed successful fertilization and development. There was a net loss of approx. 50% of folate from yolk during endogenous feeding. Further, only 23% of the decrease in yolk folate was retained in the larval body. The data suggest a need for folate for metabolic and growth purposes during embryogenesis of approximately 2 μg g−1 weight gain. Relative to these data and published folate requirement for cold-water species, batches of egg from 16 Atlantic halibut brood fish contained variable and, for some batches, critically low levels of folate. This may constitute a potential problem for larval development until start feeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00242.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of algal addition on stability of fatty acids and some water-soluble vitamins in juvenile Artemia franciscana (2000)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A minor stabilization effect was found for the content of total lipids, total fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) when Artemia franciscana was maintained at high concentrations of Isochrysis galbana for 72 h at 12 °C, both in 3- and 4-day-old individuals. The eicosapentaenoic (EPA) level was only stabilized at higher algal concentrations in the 4-day-old A. franciscana. In the 3-day-old A. franciscana, the EPA content increased at all algal concentrations during the first 24 h of post enrichment, presumably as an effect of DHA catabolism. Apparently, the 4-day-old A. franciscana metabolized DHA, and other lipids, faster than the 3-day-old A. franciscana did. During the 72 h incubation with I. galbana, the content of ascorbic acid (AA) in A. franciscana increased approximately to 1000–1200 μg g–1 dry weight (DW) at algal concentrations above 3 mg C L–1, close to AA content of the algae. The vitamin B6 content in A. franciscana decreased from approximately 20 to 4–11 μg g–1 DW, with highest loss rates at the higher algal concentrations. The thiamin content of A. franciscana was independent of algal concentration and remained at 20–30 μg g–1 DW. The nutritional effects of the algal incubation on the 3- and 4-day-old A. franciscana at algal concentrations which can be used during the cultivation of Atlantic-halibut larvae (〈2 mg C L–1) was insignificant, except for the small enrichment effect of AA already at 1 mg C L–1. Other beneficial effects of the algae should not be ruled out, like possible effects on the microflora of A. franciscana even at algal concentrations less than 2 mg C L–1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2000.00157.x
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