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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 7 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: South of the Main Mantle Thrust in north Pakistan, rocks of the northern edge of the Indian plate were deformed and metamorphosed during the main southward thrusting phase of the Himalayan orogeny. In the Hazara region, between the Indus and Kaghan Valleys, metamorphic grade increases northwards from chlorite zone to sillimanite zone rocks in a typically Barrovian sequence. Metamorphism was largely synchronous with early phases of the deformation. The metamorphic rocks were subsequently imbricated by late north-dipping thrusts, each with higher grade rocks in the hanging wall than in the footwall, such that the metamorphic profile shows an overall tectonic inversion. The rocks of the Hazara region form one of a number of internally imbricated metamorphic blocks stacked, after the metamorphic peak, on top of each other during the late thrusting. This imbrication and stacking represents an early period of post-Himalayan uplift.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 7 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The Darjeeling-Sikkim region provides a classic example of inverted Himalayan metamorphism. The different parageneses of pelitic rocks containing chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite, plagioclase and K-feldspar are documented by a variety of textures resulting from continuous and discontinuous reactions in the different zones. Microprobe data of coexisting minerals show that XMg varies in the order: garnet 〈 staurolite 〈 biotite 〈 chlorite. White mica is a solid solution between muscovite and phengite. Garnet is mostly almandine-rich and shows normal growth zoning in the lower part of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) zone, and reverse zoning in the upper part of the zone. Chemographical relations and inferred reactions for different zones are portrayed in AFM space. In the low-grade zones oriented chlorites and micas and rolled garnets grew syntectonically, and were succeeded by cross-cutting chlorites and micas and garnet rims. In the upper zones sillimanite, kyanite and staurolite crystallized during a static inter-kinematic phase. P-T contitions of metamorphism, estimated through different models of geothermobarometry, are estimated to have been 580°c for the garnet zone to a maximum of 770°c for the sillimanite zone. The preferred values of pressure range from 5.0 kbar to 7.7 kbar. Models to explain the inverted metamorphism include overthrusting of a hot high Himalayan slab along a c. 5 km wide ductile MCT zone and the syn- or post-metamorphic folding of isograds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 11 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Ganguvarpatti is part of a Precambrian terrane characterized by granulite facies rocks, including charnockites, mafic granulites, sapphirine-bearing granulites, leptynites and gneisses. A sequence of reactions deduced from the multiphase reaction textures provide information on the metamorphic history of this area, as they formed in response to decompression during uplift. Geothermobarometry and constraints from reaction textures define a segment of a P–T path traversed by the granulites of Ganguvarpatti. Near-peak metamorphic conditions of c. 800°C and 8 kbar were succeeded by a symplectitic stage at a significantly lower pressure (c. 700°C and 4.5 kbar), documenting a nearly isothermal decompression P–T path and rapid uplift (c. 12 km) followed by cooling. The presence of many fluid inclusions of extremely low density in the charnockites is consistent with a nearly isothermal uplift path. Attainment of a maximum pressure of c. 8 kbar indicates c. 27 km depth of burial during metamorphism. This would imply a total crustal thickness of c. 65–70 km at 2.6–2.5 Ga. Such a profound crustal thickness and a clockwise decompressive P–T path is interpreted as a consequence of tectonic thickening of crust, accomplished by collision tectonics of the southern granulite terrane against the Dharwar craton along the Palghat–Cauvery shear zone via northward subduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 9 (1981), S. 175-196 
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 112 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 295 (1982), S. 22-24 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Recent field work on the Kohistan complex in the Karakorum Range of North Pakistan has shown its stratigraphy to be repeated by several phases of tight to isoclinal folding. This reveals a close association between igneous activity and a late deformation and complicates the previously proposed ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 288 (1980), S. 45-50 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Stabilization of early crust against melting by high radioactivity and against resorption into the mantle by fast convective overturn requires that water and heat producers were flushed upwards within 50 Myr of accretion. Creation of a refractory base of granulite by metamorphism associated with ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 260 (1976), S. 671-675 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Two kinds of geological terrain formed before 2,500 Myr ago. First, the greenstone belts, which are linear basins full of sediments and volcanics, possibly comparable with the marginal basins that occur behind modern island arcs. Second, and the subject of this paper, are high grade complexes ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kornerupin ist in der Grenville Province an mehreren Orten gefunden worden. An der Hinck's-Brücke am Gatineau Fluß, nahe dem Ste-Marie See, kommt Kornerupin in hoher Konzentration in einer 300 m x 1500 m Paragneis-Linse mit Quarz, Sillimanit, Kalifeldspat, Turmalin, Fe/Ti-Oxid und Granat vor, die von Diopsid- und Chondroditführendem Marmor eingeschlossen ist. In dieser Linse treten in Biotit-reichen Zonen sechseckige Prismen mit Durchmessern bis 7 cm und Längen bis 30 cm auf. Die Prismen sind symmetrisch vom Rand (grobkörnig) zum Zentrum (feinkörnig) zoniert und bestehen aus symplektitischen Kornerupin-Quarz Verwachsungen mit geringen Mengen an feinkörnigem Sillimanit (fibrolitische Einschlüsse in Kornerupin), Kalifeldspat und Ilmenit-Ketten. Die Kornerupin-Quarz-Verwachsung im sechseckigen Prisma ist an Stelle einer älteren hexagonalen Phase entstanden. Habitus und Gesamtchemismus des Prismas weist auf Osumilith als erste frühe Phase hin. Bor-führende Fluide stabilisierten während einer amphibolit- bis granulit-faziellen Metamorphose die Turmalin-Quarz-Verwachsung, die pseudomorph Osumilith ersetzte. Viele dunkelgrüne Turmaline sind als Relikteinschlüsse im Quarz und selten auch im Kornerupin im Zentrum und am Rand des Prismas zu finden. In einem späteren Stadium wurde Kornerupin-Quarz Symplektit durch Verdrängung von Turmalin mit Abgabe von Alkalien gebildet. Am Rand des Prismas ist Kornerupin teilweise in Kontakt mit (oder ersetzt durch) feinkörnigem, hellgrünen, idiomorphen Turmalin. Die abgeleiteten Mineralvergesellschaftungen entsprechen einem frühen Teil des P-T t Pfades für diese Region. Kornerupin-Quarz Paragenesen sind selten, wogegen in Granit-Pegmatiten Turmalin-Quarz Verwachsungen häufig auftreten.[/ p]
    Notes: Summary Kornerupine has been reported from several localities in the Grenville Province. It is most abundant and accessible within quartz - sillimanite - K-feldspar - tourmaline -Fe/Ti-oxides - garnet paragneiss, forming a 300m by 1500m lens in diopside- and chondrodite-bearing marble at Hinck's bridge along the Gatineau river near Lac Ste-Marie. Biotite-rich zones within the lens contain six-sided prisms, up to 7 cm in diameter and 30 cm long. These prisms consist of symmetrically zoned (coarse rim and finer grained centre) symplectitic intergrowths of kornerupine-quartz overgrowing the biotite foliation, with minor sillimanite (as fibrolitic inclusions in kornerupine), K-feldspar, and scattered trails of ilmenite. The kornerupine-quartz symplectite in the six-sided prism appears to be a replacement of an early single hexagonal phase. Habit and bulk composition of the prism point to osumilite as the precursor. Boron-bearing fluids during amphibolite- to granulite-grade metamorphism stabilised tourmaline-quartz intergrowths which crystallized by pseudomorphic replacement of osumilite. Numerous dark green tourmalines are found as relict inclusions in quartz (rare in kornerupine) in core and margin of a prism. In a later stage, kornerupine-quartz symplectites were formed by replacement of the tourmaline with loss of alkalis. On the margin of the prisms kornerupine is in turn partially in contact with (replaced by) fine-grained, light green, euhedral tourmaline. The inferred miner4l assemblages may reveal an early portion of the P-T-t path for the region. Kornerupine — quartz assemblages are not often described, whereas granite pegmatites commonly contain tourmaline — quartz symplectitic intergrowths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung ¶Högbomit in migmatitischem Paragneis von Vohidava in der Betroka Scherzone im südlichen Präkambrium von Madagaskar Die sinistrale Betroka Scherzone ist eine ausgeprägte tektonische Einheit des Präkambriums in Süd Madagaskar. Sie besteht aus migmatitischem Paragneis, in dem Phlogopit-führender Diopsidit, Phlogopit-Humit-Diopsid-Spinell-Marmor, Sillimanit-Granat-Quarzit und syntektonischer S-Typ Granit eingelagert sind. Im migmatitischen Paragneis kommen sporadisch Högbomit/Hercynit Nester im Magnetit vor und am Magnetitrand findet sich Högbomit im Kontakt mit Hercynit und Cordierit, der mit einem Netzwerk aus Chlorit/Pyrophyllit gefüllt ist, sowie sporadisch mit Korund/Diaspor, Ilmenit und Rutil. XMg = Mg/(Mg + Fe) nimmt in folgender Reihung ab: Crd 〉 Bt 〉 Chl 〉 Hög 〉 Hc. Aus den texturellen Beziehungen werden folgende Högbomit-partizipierende Reaktionen abgeleitet: Ti-führender Hercynit ↠ Hercynit + Högbomit (verwachsen/Entmischungslamellen)   Högbomit ↠ Hercynit + Ilmenit + Korund Die chemische Zusammensetzung von Högbomit variiert beträchtlich von Korn zu Korn in einer Probe und von Probe zu Probe; wobei die Variation von den Kontaktmineralen abhängt. Högbomit im Hercynit hat eine schwache Zonierung von Kern zum Rand. Im Högbomit am Hercynitrand ist die Kern-Rand-Zonierung durch die von den Kontaktmineralen abhängige Randzusammensetzung überprägt. Im Kontakt zum Hercynit hat Högbomit 27,1–28,5 Gew.% FeO (total Fe als FeO) und 4,5–5,8 Gew.% MgO und im Kontakt zu Magnetit 24,9–26,5 Gew.% FeO und 6,0–8,5 Gew.% MgO, die Kernzusammensetzung liegt zwischen den beiden Randwerten. TiO2nimmt vom Kern zu den Rändern von 7,5 bis 4,0 Gew.% ab und Al2O3von 62,0 bis 59,0 Gew.%. Die P-T Bedingungen des Metamorphose-Peaks während der Pan-Afrikanischen Orogenese erreichten 6,0 ± 1,0 Kbar und 700 ± 100 °C. Die späte Bildung von Diaspor und die Hercynit-Magnetit-Entmischung weisen auf eine tiefgreifende retrograde Metamorphose im Dekompressions-Zentralbereich der Betroka-Scherzone im südlichen Madagaskar hin.
    Notes: Summary ¶The Betroka sinistral shear belt is a major geotectonic unit in the Precambrian of southern Madagascar. It consists of migmatitic paragneiss commonly interlayered with phlogopite-bearing diopsidite, phlogopite-humite-diopside-spinel marble, sillimanite-garnet quartzite and syn-tectonic S-type leucogranite. Högbomite occurs sporadically in the migmatitic paragneiss in patches of magnetite with hercynite, and at the border of magnetite where it is in contact with hercynite, rare ilmenite, rutile and cordierite, which contains a network of chlorite, pyrophyllite and rare corundum/diaspore. XMg = Mg/(Mg + Fe) decreases as follows: Crd 〉 Bt 〉 Chl 〉 Hög 〉 Hc. The textural relations suggest the following högbomite-participating reactions: Ti-bearing hercynite ↠ hercynite + högbomite (intergrown/exsolution lamellae) ilmenite + cordierite ↠ hercynite + högbomite + rutile + chlorite/pyrophyllite   högbomite ↠ hercynite + ilmenite + corundum The chemical composition of högbomite varies substantially from grain to grain in individual samples and from sample to sample, this variation being highly dependent on the associated minerals. There is a weak zoning from core to rim in individual grains intergrown with hercynite and also in grains at the margin of hercynite, but this zoning is overprinted by zones formed at grain rims depending on the surrounding phases. In contact with hercynite, högbomite has FeO (total Fe as FeO) 27.1–28.5 wt.%, and MgO 4.5–5.8 wt.%, and in contact with magnetite FeO 24.9–26.5 wt.%, and MgO 6.0–8.5 wt.% and the core contents are within these values. TiO27.5–4.0 wt.% and Al2O362.0–59.0 wt.% show zonations with increase from core to rim. Estimated P-T conditions are 6.0 ± 1.0 kbar and 700 ± 100 °C reached during a peak metamorphic stage of the Pan-African orogeny. However, the presence of diaspore with exsolved hercynite-magnetite indicates extreme retrograde metamorphism in the decompressional central part of this shear belt of southern Madagascar.
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