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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instrumentation and cell design for in situ studies of electrode surfaces using x-ray synchrotron radiation : Proceedings of the 4th international conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 950-955 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: As an integral part of a program to develop x-ray techniques for in situ structural studies of electrode surfaces, a series of experiments has been carried out using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the Daresbury SRS. These studies, which involve continuous control of the electrode potential and the need to probe the electrode surface with synchrotron radiation, demand careful attention to cell design. Three types of experiment are described in order to illustrate possible approaches to cell design and the versatility of in situ x-ray techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143789
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instrumentation and data acquisition for in situ electrochemistry at the Daresbury SRS : INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 2386-2389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy provide complementary structural tools for the in situ characterization of electrode surfaces. To optimize surface sensitivity, techniques such as glancing angle scattering geometries and spectrum differencing can be employed while the application of synchrotron radiation allows the real-time collection of data. This paper outlines recent developments in in situ electrochemistry on the Daresbury SRS and describes an electrochemical cell for in situ x-ray studies, associated glancing angle instrumentation, together with computer hardware and software optimized for data acquisition using potential modulation techniques. Important fundamental and industrial applications are highlighted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140727
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray design constraints for in situ electrochemical cells: importance of window material, electrolyte and X-ray wavelength (1999)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 32 (1999), S. 369-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The need to calculate X-ray absorption losses through window materials and electrolytes in electrochemical cells used for in situ X-ray studies is highlighted. Calculations of the loss of beam intensity through Mylar windows of various thicknesses and at different wavelengths are carried out. Other window materials, such as polyethylene, polyimide (Kapton), polymethylmethacrylate (Perspex), polycarbonate (Lexan) and polyamide (Kevlar), are considered. Linear absorption coefficients and loss of intensity through different thicknesses of these materials at the Cu Kα wavelength are considered. Calculations of loss of intensity for a typical experimental case involving a Mylar cell window and a 1.029 M H2SO4 electrolyte are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889898011662
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transport to reticulated vitreous carbon rotating cylinder electrodes (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 25 (1995), S. 450-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mass transport to rotating cylinder electrodes (radius 0.5 cm and height 1.2 cm) fabricated from reticulated vitreous carbon (RVCRCE) was investigated using linear sweep voltammetry in a 0.5 m Na2SO4 + 1 mm CUSO4 electrolyte at pH 2. At a fixed cupric ion concentration the limiting current was found to be dependent upon velocity to the power 0.55 to 0.71 depending upon the porosity grade of the carbon foam. The product of mass transport coefficient and specific electrode area, km A e, was found to be approximately 0.51 s−1 at 157 rad s−1 (corresponding to 1500 rpm) for the 100 ppi material. The experimental data are compared to the predicted performance of a hydrodynamically smooth rotating disc electrode (RDE) and rotating cylinder electrode (RCS).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260687
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 22 (1992), S. 893-897 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01023736
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The electrochemistry of Magnéli phase titanium oxide ceramic electrodes Part I. The deposition and properties of metal coatings (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 21 (1991), S. 848-857 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electrodeposition of copper, gold, nickel, palladium and platinum onto Ebonex® ceramic cathodes has been studied. It is demonstrated that good quality deposits may be obtained and that the kinetics of the deposition and dissolution of metals are similar at Ebonex® to other common substrates (for example, Pt, C). In addition, the kinetics of some simple redox couples at coated and bare Ebonex® ceramic electrodes are compared; it is confirmed that such electron transfer reactions are very slow on the bare Ebonex® ceramic but when the surface is coated with a metal, the kinetics are similar to those on the bulk metal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01042450
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of three-dimensional electrodes in the FMO1-LC laboratory electrolyser (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A FMO1-LC parallel plate, laboratory electrochemical reactor has been modified by the incorporation of stationary, flow-by, three-dimensional electrodes which fill an electrolyte compartment. The performance of several electrode configurations including stacked nets, stacked expanded metal grids and a metal foam (all nickel) is compared by (i) determining the limiting currents for a mass transport controlled reaction, the reduction of ferricyanide in 1 m KOH and (ii) measuring the limiting currents for a kinetically controlled reaction, the oxidation of alcohols in aqueous base. It is shown that the combination of the data may be used to estimate the mass transfer coefficient, κL, and the specific electrode area, A e, separately. It is also confirmed that the use of three dimensional electrodes leads to an increase in cell current by a factor up to one hundred. Finally, it is also shown that the FM01-LC reactor fitted with a nickel foam anode allows a convenient laboratory conversion of alcohols to carboxylic acids; these reactions are of synthetic interest but their application has previously been restricted by the low rate of conversion at planar nickel anodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247779
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrodes based on Magnéli phase titanium oxides: the properties and applications of Ebonex® materials (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 1021-1033 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: Magnéli phases ; substoichiometric ; conductive ; titanium oxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Magnéli phases are a range of substoichiometric oxides of titanium of the general formula TinO2n−1, (where n is between 4 and 10) produced from high temperature reduction of titania in a hydrogen atmosphere. These blue/black ceramic materials exhibit a conductivity comparable to that of graphite and can be produced in a number of forms, such as tiles, rods, fibres, foams and powders. While these materials have been studied for many years, they have only recently received interest for use as ceramic electrode materials, commercially termed ‘Ebonex®’, and are beginning to challenge precious metal coated anodes for some applications in aggressive electrolytes. Other uses for these materials include electrowinning, electroplating, battery materials, impressed current cathodic protection anodes, electrochemical soil remediation, oxidation of organic wastes, flexible cable materials and electrophoresis. The scope of this review considers the structure and properties of Magnéli phase titanium oxide materials, together with their electrochemical behaviour and applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003469427858
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of an ion-selective electrode analytical system for monitoring copper in electrochemical reactors (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 11 (1981), S. 117-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A flow-through cell using ion-selective electrodes has been designed for continuous on-line monitoring of electrochemical reactors. A full range of design considerations is discussed and the characteristics of the cell investigated. Optimal operating conditions are found, of which solution flow rate and constancy of temperature are particularly important. The cell was also designed to have a rapid response time and minimal ‘dead’ volume so as to give continuous measurements of gradually changing metal ion concentrations. Performance has been evaluated using laboratory-simulated conditions and pilot-plant operation of the Ecocell, a rotating-cylinder electrode reactor for the electrowinning of copper from dilute solutions (10–1000 ppm).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615330
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rotating cylinder electrode: a review of development (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 13 (1983), S. 3-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent developments in the theory and applications of rotating cylinder electrodes are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the mass transfer behaviour and the development of turbulent flow patterns, and its exploitation in electrochemical reactors for a variety of applications including metal deposition from waste and effluent liquors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615883
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