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  • 1
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Eukaryotic genomes are packaged into nucleosome particles that occlude the DNA from interacting with most DNA binding proteins. Nucleosomes have higher affinity for particular DNA sequences, reflecting the ability of the sequence to bend sharply, as required by the nucleosome structure. However, it ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 368-372 (Feb. 2008), p. 1038-1040 
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An improved chemical liquid vaporized infiltration process was developed to fast densifycarbon/carbon (C/C) composites. A disc-shaped carbon felt was chosen as preform, whose upper andlower sides were fixed and heated simultaneously by two flat surfaces of two heat sources, and theprecursor was heated by the third heat source separated. By this method, carbon felts (bulk density~0.2 g/cm3) were densified to C/C composites with density of 1.29, 1.61 and 1.72 g/cm3 when preparedfor 3h at 900°C, 1000°C and 1100°C, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that thecarbon fibers of the composite are surrounded by ring-shaped pyrocarbon. The deposition process isanalyzed by dividing the reactor into four regions associated with specific functions and the reasons forthe rapid fabrication are proposed as the short convection and diffusion path for the precursor and theexisting thermal gradients across the preform
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 317-318 (Aug. 2006), p. 159-162 
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: C/C-SiC composites, namely carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide and pyrocarbonmatrices, were fabricated in two steps in this study. Firstly, C/C composites were prepared by a rapideconomical densification process of chemical liquid-vaporized infiltration. PAN based felt and2-Dimensional carbon fibers were chosen as preform, respectively. A liquid hydrocarbon, kerosene,was used as a precursor. The C/C composites were processed in a temperature range of 900-1100ºCfor 150 minutes. Subsequently, C/C-SiC composites were fabricated from the C/C composites andsilicon powder by reactive melt infiltration method. Densities, open porosities of the C/C and theC/C-SiC composites were investigated. Structural properties of the C/C-SiC composites were studiedby optical microscopy. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the element and the crystal phase of thecomposites. It was shown that the density of C/C composite reached to 1.72 g/cm3 based on the 2Dcarbon fibers by CLVI method. Microstructure observation of the C/C composite revealed that thepyrocarbon is layer concentric around the fibers. It was found that during the RMI processing β-SiCwas formed through the reaction only between liquid silicon and pyrocarbon, while carbon fiber wasnot damaged. Free silicon remains in the C/C-SiC composites because of insufficient reaction withthe pyrocarbon
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: cell proliferation ; estrogen deprivation ; estrogen receptor ; MAP kinase ; transcriptional regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Women with estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancers frequently respond initially to inhibition of estrogen action but later relapse with re-growth of tumor. Previously, we have utilized MCF-7 human breast cancer cells deprived of estradiol long term (LTED cells) as the model system to study the regrowth phenomenon and have demonstrated that these cells exhibited increased cell proliferation rate and increased ER functionality during the adaptive processes. In this report, we examined the hypothesis that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) signal was involved. We found that activated MAP kinase was elevated in LTED cells and that the MAP kinase specific inhibitor PD98059 was able to inhibit the elevated MAP kinase and [3H]thymidine uptake in LTED cells, suggesting mediation of DNA synthesis and proliferation by the MAP kinase pathway. Other MAP kinase upstream inhibitors, including genestein, RG13022, and mevastatin were also able to inhibit the [3H]thymidine uptake in LTED cells. Interestingly, the antiestrogen, ICI 182,780 was able to block the activated MAP kinase in LTED cells. Treatment with PD98059 did not block elevated basal ERE-CAT activity while at the same time inhibiting [3H]thymidine uptake in LTED cells. Furthermore, treatment with PD98059 partially blocked the E2-stimulated ERE-CAT activity and [3H]thymidine uptake in both LTED and in wild type cells, indicating that both MAP kinase-dependent and MAP kinase-independent pathways are involved in the transactivation function of ER. Taken together, our data suggest that the MAP kinase pathway is, in part, involved in the adaptive process which results in enhanced DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in the absence of exogenous estrogen in LTED 3ptcells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogens ; uptake ; hypersensitivity ; in situ synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Estradiol stimulates the growth of breast tumor cells in both pre- and post menopausal women. Following the menopause, the levels of estradiol in breast tumor tissues are similar to those from tumors obtained prior to cessation of ovarian function, even though plasma estrogen levels are 10–50 fold lower in post- than in premenopausal women. These observations suggested the possibility of enhanced estradiol uptake from plasma or in situ synthesis in post-menopausal women. We systematically studied these possibilities in a series of model systems. Initially we demonstrated a very high affinity estradiol binding site in tissues from castrated rats. Enhanced uptake occurred under conditions of low plasma estrogen levels when compared to animals with higher estradiol levels. In situ synthesis also occurred both through the sulfatase and aromatase pathways. In further studies, we compared uptake from plasma with in situ synthesis via aromatase in a nude mouse model. Under the conditions utilized, in situ synthesis resulted in much higher tissue estradiol levels and tumor growth rates than did uptake from plasma. During these studies we demonstrated that tumors deprived of estradiol developed mechanisms rendering them more sensitive to estrogen. This involved the ability of cells to adapt to estradiol deprivation to allow them to be responsive to four log lower amounts of estrogen than when studied under wild type conditions. In addition, cells adapted by increasing their level of aromatase and thus developing the capability to become more sensitive to estrogen precursors. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that breast cancer tissue is highly plastic and can adapt to conditions of estrogen deprivation via a variety of mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 6 (1989), S. 734-736 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: dose ranging ; pharmacokinetics ; zidovudine ; azidothymidine ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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