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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional and Ontogenic Expression of the NMDA Receptor Subunit NR2D Protein in Rat Brain Using a Subunit-Specific Antibody (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 67 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: A polyclonal antibody for the NMDA receptor subunit NR2D has been developed that identifies an ∼160-kDa band on immunoblots from NR2D transfected cells and CNS tissues. No cross-reactivity is seen with other NMDA receptor subunits. The NR2D receptor subunit is N-glycosylated in both brain and transfected cells. Transfected cells expressing NR2D are immunofluorescently labeled, whereas untransfected cells or cells transfected with other NMDA receptor subunit cDNAs are not. Similarly, the NR2D subunit is selectively and quantitatively immunoprecipitated, whereas the NR1, NR2A, or NR2B subunit is not. The relative densities of the NR2D subunit in nine areas of postnatal day 7 and adult rat brains have been determined by quantitative immunoblotting. NR2D was expressed at highest levels in the thalamus, midbrain, medulla, and spinal cord, whereas intermediate levels of this subunit were found in the cortex and hippocampus. Low or undetectable levels were seen in the olfactory bulb, striatum, and cerebellum. Following a peak after the first week of birth, NR2D protein levels decreased by about twofold in adulthood in all rat brain regions examined. More complete ontogenic profiles were determined for the diencephalon, telencephalon, and spinal cord where similar ontogenic patterns were seen. NR2D protein is present at high levels at embryonic stages of development, rises to a peak at postnatal day 7, and decreases but remains measurable during late postnatal life. This study demonstrates the generation and characterization of an antibody selective for the NR2D NMDA receptor subunit as well as a determination of the distribution and ontogenic profile of this subunit in rat brain. The results suggest that native NMDA receptors containing the NR2D subunit may have functional roles not only in the young brain but also in adult brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67062335.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of NMDA Receptor Subunit-Specific Antibodies: Distribution of NR2A and NR2B Receptor Subunits in Rat Brain and Ontogenic Profile in the Cerebellum (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 65 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Selective antisera for NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B have been developed. Each antiserum identifies a single band on an immunoblot at ∼175 kDa that appears to be the appropriate subunit of the NMDA receptor. Using these antisera the relative densities of the subunits in eight areas of adult rat brain have been determined. The NR2A subunit was found to be at its highest level in hippocampus and cerebral cortex, to be at intermediate levels in striatum, olfactory tubercle, midbrain, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum, and to be at lowest levels in the pons-medulla. The NR2B subunit was found to be expressed at its highest levels in the olfactory tubercle, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and cerebral cortex. Intermediate levels were expressed in striatum and midbrain, and low levels were detected in the pons-medulla. No signal for NR2B was found in the cerebellum. These regional distributions were compared with that for [3H]MK-801 binding sites. It was found that although the distribution of the NR2A subunit corresponds well with radioligand binding, the distribution of the NR2B subunit does not. The ontogenic profiles of NR2A and NR2B subunits in the rat cerebellum were also determined. Just following birth [postnatal day (P) 2] NR2A subunits are undetectable, whereas NR2B subunits are expressed at amounts easily measurable. Beginning at about P12 the levels of NR2A rise rapidly to reach adult levels by P22. At the same time (P12), levels of NR2B protein begin to decline rapidly to reach undetectable levels by 22 days after birth. The results suggest that NMDA receptors are likely to be composed of different subunits in different parts of the brain and that even in the same tissue the receptors are likely to show different properties at various times during development due to alterations in the subunit composition of the receptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65010176.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Reformer Conditions on Catalytic Reforming of Biomass-Gasification Tars (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry research 34 (1995), S. 2949-2954 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00048a004
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Annealing effects of tantalum films on Si and SiO2/Si substrates in various vacuums (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 416-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The annealing effects of 550 nm thick β-Ta films sputtered on Si and SiO2 substrates have been investigated under various vacuum conditions. Phase transformation from the tetragonal β-Ta into body-centered-cubic α-Ta of much higher conductivity occurred at annealing temperatures lower than 500 °C and 80% of β-Ta transformed into α-Ta after annealing at 600 °C for Ta on a Si substrate. For Ta on a SiO2 substrate, no phase transformation was observed at 500 °C annealing, and only 20% of β-Ta transformed into α-Ta at 600 °C. Oxygen diffusion into the Ta film at the interface of Ta/SiO2 could hinder β-Ta to α-Ta transformation. Both Ta on Si and Ta on SiO2 samples have smooth surfaces after annealing in 2×10−5 Torr. After annealing in a vacuum lower than 2×10−4 Torr, surface oxidation of the Ta thin films was detected. The increase of oxygen content in the Ta films caused higher compressive stress, and resulted in the film peeling in a serpentine pattern during annealing at 500 °C in 2×10−2 Torr for Ta on a SiO2 substrate. The Ta films cracked and detached from the SiO2 substrate after being annealed at 750 °C in 2×10−2 Torr. In contrast, no crack was found in Ta on Si, probably because of the relief of film stress due to more β-Ta being transformed into α-Ta during annealing. The residual oxygen and moisture in low vacuum may build up stress in Ta thin films during thermal processes, which can cause major reliability problems in electronic and other applications. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1372662
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nanocrystalline p-type transparent Cu–Al–O semiconductor prepared by chemical-vapor deposition with Cu(acac)2 and Al(acac)3 precursors (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 3959-3961 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: P-type transparent copper–aluminum–oxide semiconductor films are prepared by the use of the chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) technique with Cu(acac)2 and Al(acac)3 precursors. Transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction suggest that the films contain nanocrystalline phases of CuAlO2 and Cu2O, in which CuAlO2 is dominant. Both Hall technique and Seebeck measurement reveal that the film is p type, and a very high room-temperature conductivity of 2 S cm−1 is achieved. This success of high-conductive p-type transparent semiconductor using CVD further paves the way for transparent semiconductor p–n junctions as well as industrial mass production of the relevant devices. The Hall measurement of the film shows a sheet mobility of 0.16 cm2 V−1 S−1 and a carrier concentration of 1.8×1019 cm−3. A wide optical gap of 3.75 eV due to quantum confinement is found, and the activation energy for the positive holes is 0.12 eV. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126834
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-performance blue electroluminescent devices based on hydroxyphenyl-pyridine beryllium complex (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 2300-2302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Blue light organic electroluminescent (EL) devices with high-performance were fabricated by using a highly fluorescent material, bis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-pyridine]beryllium (Bepp2). The double layer devices with a structure of [indium tin oxide/N, N′-di(α-naphthyl)-N-N′-diphenyl(1, 1′-biphenyl)-4, 4′-diamine (600 Å)/Bepp2 (500 Å)/LiF (10 Å)/Al (2000 Å)] exhibited a maximum luminance of 15 000 cd/m2 and a maximum electroluminescent efficiency of 3.43 lm/w (3.8 cd/A). © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1366338
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alteration in calcium channel properties is responsible for the neurotoxic action of a familial frontotemporal dementia tau mutation (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 87 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tau, a microtubule binding protein, is not only a major component of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease, but also a causative gene for hereditary frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). We show here that an FTDP-17 tau mutation (V337M) in SH-SY5Y cells reduces microtubule polymerization, increases voltage-dependent calcium current (ICa) density, and decreases ICa rundown. The reduced rundown of ICa by V337M was significantly inhibited by nifedipine (L-type Ca channel blocker), whereas ω-conotoxin GVIA (N-type Ca channel blocker) showed smaller effects, indicating that tau mutations affect L-type calcium channel activity. The depolarization-induced increase in intracellular calcium was also significantly augmented by the V337M tau mutation. Treatment with a microtubule polymerizing agent (taxol), an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor, or a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, counteracted the effects of mutant tau on ICa. Taxol also attenuated the Ca2+ response to depolarization in cells expressing mutant tau. Apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells induced by serum deprivation was exacerbated by the V337M mutation, and nifedipine, taxol, and a PKA inhibitor significantly protected cells against apoptosis. Our results indicate that a tau mutation which decreases its microtubule-binding ability augments calcium influx by depolymerizing microtubules and activating adenylyl cyclase and PKA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02020.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Up-Regulation of NR2B Subunit of NMDA Receptors in Cerebellar Granule Neurons by Ca2+/Calmodulin Kinase Inhibitor KN93 (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 70 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Recordings of NMDA-activated currents from cerebellar granule neurons in culture revealed a developmental increase in current density accompanied by a slight decrease of the half-maximal effective concentration. At the same time, a decrease of NMDA receptors comprising NR2B subunits was demonstrated by the reduction in the antagonism of NMDA currents by ifenprodil. Ifenprodil antagonism increased after treatment for 24 h with KN93- and KN62-selective inhibitors of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases), indicating a selective increase of receptor containing NR2B subunit. This increase was observed at all ages tested: 4 days in vitro (DIV4), DIV6, and DIV13. Western blot analysis with specific NMDA receptor antibodies performed at DIV6 confirmed the electrophysiological data. At this age, the negative control KN92 was ineffective. The increasing ifenprodil antagonism after KN93 treatment was proportionally greater in cells at DIV13 than at DIV4. Treatment with NMDA (100 µM) of cerebellar cultures for 24 h produced a decrease in the NMDA-induced current density by almost 50% at all ages tested. Ifenprodil antagonism, however, was unchanged. We propose that the expression of NR2B subunits in cerebellar granule cells is selectively stimulated by the inhibition of CaM kinases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70051898.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endoplasmic reticulum calcium release is modulated by actin polymerization (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 82 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Intracellular calcium ions regulate the structure and functions of cytoskeletal proteins. On the other hand, recent studies have shown that the cytoskeleton, and actin filaments in particular, can modulate calcium influx through plasma membrane ligand- and voltage-gated channels. We now report that calcium release from inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and ryanodine-sensitive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores is modulated by polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments in cultured hippocampal neurons. Depolymerization of actin filaments with cytochalasin D attenuates calcium release induced by carbamylcholine (CCh; a muscarinic agonist for IP3 pathway), caffeine (a ryanodine receptor agonist) and thapsigargin (an inhibitor of the ER calcium- ATPase) in both the presence and absence of extracellular calcium. Conversely, the actin polymerizing agent jasplakinolide potentiates calcium release induced by CCh, caffeine and thapsigargin. Cytochalasin D attenuated, while jasplakinolide augmented, thapsigargin-induced JNK activation and neuronal cell death. Our data show that the actin cytoskeleton regulates ER calcium release, suggesting roles for actin in the various physiological and pathological processes that involve calcium release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01059.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role of Nitric Oxide in the Cardiovascular System (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 786 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb39066.x
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