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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How do fish break the speed limit? (1980)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 284 (1980), S. 445-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The normal relationship between tail beat frequency and speed can be explained by a simple analysis of the fish's swimming movements. We have analysed2 the lateral body movements of cod, Gadus morhua, swimming at constant speeds and defined a two-wave system which allowed exact description of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/284445a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The timing of the electromyogram in the lateral myotomes of mackerel and saithe at different swimming speeds (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 42 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Electromyogram (EMG) signals from two points at about 40%L and 65%L(L= length) in the left latera1 muscle of mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) L= 28–33 cm a nd saithe (Pollachius virens L.) L= 42–50 cm were recorded synchronously with films of steady straight swimming motions. In both species, the duration of EMG activity at both electrodes, remains a constant proportion of the tail cycle period Tat all the tail beat frequencies between 1–8 and 13 Hz. In mackerel and saithe respectively: onset of EMG activity at the front was 74%T and 77%T before the left-most tail blade position and fronl EMG-onset occurred 15%T and 18%T before rear onset. The duration of the EMG burst is longer at the front position (41%T and 47%T) than at the rear (25%T and 27%T), At all swimming speeds the wave of electrical activation of the muscle travelled between the two electrodes 25%L apart at a velocity between 1.5 and 1.6L T−1. Frequencies of spikes within the burst of EMG activity rose from 30–40 Hz at 2 T s−1 to 50–80 Hz at 8 T s−1. In muscle at 40%L EMG-onset happens at phase 30° just after muscle strain at this point reaches its resting length while lengthening (360°). At 65%L EMG-onset occurs earlier in the strain cycle-350° just before the muscle reaches it resting length while lengthening (360°). This could represent within the length of the fish, a phase shift of up to 90° in the EMG-onset in relation to the muscle strain cycle. These timings are discussed in relation to optimized work output and a single instant of maximum bending moment all along the left side of the body.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00338.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endurance swimming of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 65 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: When groups of diploid (mean ± s.e. fork length, LF) 33·0 ± 1·4 cm and triploid (35·3 ± 0·5 cm) Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were forced to swim at controlled speeds in a carefully monitored 10 m diameter ‘annular’ tank no significant difference was found between the maximum sustained swimming speeds (Ums, maintainable for 200 min) where the fish swam at the limit of their aerobic capability. Diploids achieved 2·99 body lengths per second (bl s−1)(0·96 m s−1) and triploids sustained 2·91 bl s−1(1·02 m s−1). The selection of fish for the trials was based on their ability to swim with a moving pattern projected from a gantry rotating at the radius of the tank and the selection procedure did not prove to be significant by ploidy. A significant difference was found between the anaerobic capabilities of the fish measured as endurance times at their prolonged swimming speeds. During the course of the experimentation the voluntary swimming speed selected by the fish increased and the schooling behaviour improved. The effect of the curvature of the tank on the fish speeds was calculated (removing the curved effect of the tank increased the speed in either ploidy by 5·5%). Implications of the endurance times and speeds are discussed with reference to the aquaculture of triploid Atlantic salmon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00552.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of aerobic metabolism of a school of horse mackerel at different swimming speeds (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 49 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Oxygen consumption rates were measured in a school of 56 horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus while at rest and while swimming at steady sustained speeds. Resting values of 38.76 and 42.10mg O2 kg−1 h−1 were measured in a sealed cylindrical tank (535 l) while observing that the fish school remained neutrally buoyant and inactive with only gentle pectoral fin movements and no swimming motion. The same school was trained to swim with projected light patterns within a 10-m diameter annular doughnut respirometer. The oxygen consumption increased from the resting level through 51 mg O2 kg−1 h−1 at the slowest swimming speeds of 0.29 m s−1 (0.95 L s−1) to around 259 mg O2 kg−1 h−1 at the higher measured swimming speed of 0.87 m s−1 (2.82 L s−1). The data fitted a curve where oxygen consumption rose in proportion to velocity to the power of 2.56 with the intercept at the resting level. The maximum sustained speed (80 min) of 1.12 m s−1 (3.63 Ls−1) was not achieved within the respirometer but corresponded to an estimated oxygen consumption of 458.33 mg O2 kg−1 h−1 giving a scope for aerobic activity of 419.02 mg O2 kg−1 h−1. At a speed of 0.87 m s−1, there was a lower bound on the aerobic efficiency of at least 38% and at 1.12 m s−1, the highest aerobic speed, of 40%. Sustained speeds swum in a curved path as here should be increased by 5% for a straight path giving a maximum sustained 80 min speed of 1.18 m s−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb00084.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Routine respiration rates of Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus L., and herring, Clupea harengus L., at low activity levels (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 42 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Once adapted to the captive environment, mean minimum respiration rates were 118 mgO2 kg−1 h−1 for mackerel, body length (b.l) range 290 to 380 mm, at 11.1o C at a swimming speed of 0.6 b.l. s1 and 93 mgO2 kg−1 h1 for herring, length range 255 to 310 mm, at 9.3° C at a swimming speed of 0.3 b.l. s1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00314.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A light intensity threshold for schooling in the Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 29 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The schooling behaviour of Atlantic mackerel was studied in a large tank at different light intensities in the range 12.6–1.8 × 10−10μEs−1 m−2. Variable light intensity was produced by accurately controlling the current to a green light-emitting diode (LED) 3 m above the experimental tank. Under high light levels (1.8 × 10−6μEs−1 m−2) mackerel always formed a single school, whereas at lower levels (1.8 × 10−8μEs−1 m−2) they swam as individuals. At light levels down to 1.0 × 10−6μEs−1 m−2 the mean nearest neighbour distance in a school remained relatively constant (0.3–0.9 body lengths), and individual mackerel swam along a path which deviated from the position of their nearest neighbours by less than 14°. As light dropped below 1.8 × 10−7μEs−1 m−2, both nearest neighbour distance and heading angle between nearest neighbours increased, with mean values of 1–1.8 body lengths and 23–92°, respectively, at 1.8 × 10−9μEs−1 m−2. The results are discussed in terms of ambient light conditions in the sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb05000.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restoration of glycogen from lactic acid in the anaerobic swimming muscle of plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 15 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The conclusion from two in vivo experiments is that a significant proportion of the lactic acid, normally formed by glycolysis from glycogen and held in the muscle cells following exhausting exercise of the anaerobic swimming muscle of the teleost fish Pleuronectes platessa L, is converted by gluconeogenesis to form glycogen in the recovering muscle.In the first experiment a technique for measurement of [3H]glucose turnover in the plaice was developed and applied to measure turnover in resting and exhausted fish. It is concluded that insufficient glucose was moved through the circulation to account for the rate of glycogen formation observed in the recovering exhausted muscle.In the second experiment, an intramuscular injection of [14C]lactate to exhausted fish revealed a direct uptake of [14C]lactate by the recovering muscle cells, and the incorporation of substantial proportions of lactate into the restored glycogen. Simultaneous use of [3H]-mannitol allowed measurement of the isotope distribution between extra- and intracellular spaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1979.tb03641.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The muscle twitch and the maximum swimming speed of giant bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus L. (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 35 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sustained swimming of bluefin tuna was analysed from video recordings made of a captive patrolling fish school [lengths (L) 1.7–3.3 m, body mass (M) 54–433 kg]. Speeds ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 L s−1 (86–260 km day−1) while stride length during steady speed swimming varied between 0.54 and 0.93 L. Maximum swimming speed was estimated by measuring twitch contraction of the anaerobic swimming muscle in pithed fish 5 min after death. Muscle contraction time increased from the shortest just behind the head (30–50 ms at 20% L) to the longest at the tail peduncle (80–90 ms at 80% L) (all at 28°C). A fish (L = 2.26 m) with a muscle contraction time of 50 ms at 25% L can have a maximum tail beat frequency of 10 Hz and maximum swimming speed of 15m s−1 (54km h−1) with a stride length of 0.65L. With a stride length of 1 L a speed of 22.6 m s−1 (81.4 km h−1) is possible. Power used at maximum speed was estimated for this fish at between 10 and 40 kW, with corresponding values for the drag coefficient at a Reynolds number of 4.43 × 107 of 0.0007 and 0.0027.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03399.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tilting behaviour of the Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus, at low swimming speeds (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 29 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Negatively-buoyant Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus L., (fork length 30–39 cm) tilt their bodies with the head up while swimming at speeds below 0.8 body length per second (B.L. s−1). This behaviour is quantitatively described by the body attack angle and swimming speed measured from film records. The maximum recorded body attack angle was 27° in a 32 cm-long fish swimming at 0.45 B.L. s−1 while its nose followed a course close to the horizontal. In general, larger body attack angles were shown at lower swimming speeds and were associated with denser bodies at each speed. We consider that this behaviour pattern allows the fish to maintain a chosen swimming depth while its body creates lift by acting as a hydrofoil. Lift from the fins is insufficient at low swimming speeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb05013.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endurance at intermediate swimming speeds of Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus L., herring, Clupea harengus L., and saithe, Pollachius virens L. (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 33 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Endurance and swimming speed were measured in mackerel, herring and saithe when they were induced by the optomotor response to swim at prolonged speeds along a 28-m circular track through still water in a 10-m diameter gantry tank. The maximum sustained swimming speed (Ums was measured as body lengths per second (b.l.s−1) for each species and for saithe of different size groups. Herring with Ums of 4.06 b.l.s−1 (25.3 cm, 13.5°C) were the fastest, mackerel Ums was 3.5 b.l.s1 (33 cm, 11.7°C) and saithe (14.4°C) showed a size effect where Ums at 25 cm was 3.5 b.l.s1 and at 50 cm 2.2 b.l.s1. When swimming at speeds higher that Ums, all three species showed reduced endurance as speed increased. How the curved track reduces the swimming speed is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05468.x
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