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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 65 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Partitioning of nitrogen by soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Hodgson) grown in natural conditions was studied by successive exposures of root systems to 15N2 and periodical measurements of 15N distribution. Nitrogen derived from the atmosphere was mainly found in the aerial parts of the plants, and the stage of development exerted a strong influence on the initial 15N distribution (measured one week after incorporation). Until day 69 after sowing, leaf blades contained 47 to 57% of the fixed N. After that, reproductive structures attracted increasing proportions, 10 to 60% between days 69 and 92. Around day 82, stems and petioles stored up to 30% of the newly fixed N. During pod development and pod filling and until maturity, fixed N was remobilized from vegetative tissues and pod walls to seeds. These transfers first concerned the newly incorporated N, but at maturity 80 to 90% of the total was recovered in the seeds. The high mobility of N originating from the atmosphere as compared to that coming from the soil (vegetative tissues exported only 50% of their total N) seems to indicate that fixed N was at least partially integrated in a special pool. This was certainly the case at the later stage of N2 fixation, when a large portion of fixed N accumulated in the stems and petioles, probably in the form of storage compounds such as ureides for later transfer to the developing seeds. Further research is needed in order to investigate the nature and role of this pool in the nitrogen nutrition of soybeans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; Triticum aestivum ; Inoculation ; N and dry matter yield ; N percentages in plant parts ; Associative N2 fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum) grown in pots and in the field under the Mediterranean climate of the south of France were inoculated with a strain of Azospirillum brasilense. Comparisons with non-inoculated plants grown under the same conditions showed significant responses to inoculation with an increase in the number of fertile tillers, shoot and root dry weight, and root to shoot biomass ratio. The roots of inoculated plants attracted relatively more assimilates than those of the control plants until a late stage of growth (heading stage) but the rhizosphere respiration expressed per unit of root growth was not increased by inoculation. Nitrogen yield, both total and in grains, was also enhanced; however, N percentages of all aerial parts of the plants grown in pots were always statistically lower after inoculation than in the control. At maturity, the N % in seeds was 1.81 and 2.45, respectively. The possible mechanisms of this effect of inoculation under the experimental conditions of this study are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (2000), S. 528-534 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Bromus erectus ; Carbon flow ; Carbon-14 labelling ; Root exudation ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Controversies exist in interpreting rhizosphere C flow obtained by different 14CO2 labelling methods. However, there is a need for the standardisation of methods in order to be able to compare values obtained for different plants, different stages of development and different habitats. Perennial bromegrass (Bromus erectus Huds) grown in soils of different fertility was exposed to a 14CO2 atmosphere for different periods of time: 1 h, 298 h and 78 days. The evolution of 14CO2 in the soil was measured during and after labelling. The 14C contents of plant and rhizosphere compartments were then estimated. The time-sequence of the rate of 14CO2 evolution after 1 h of labelling, indicated a maximum after around 20 h, followed by an exponential decrease. When expressed as a percentage of net 14C assimilation, root-soil respiration accounted for 14% and 18% in the nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich soils, respectively. Integration of the hourly values over several days showed that the dynamics of the evolution rate were similar for the 298-h and 78-day experiments, thus indicating that rhizosphere C flow was dominated by newly assimilated C. This was confirmed by the proportions of below-ground 14C, measured for roots, respiration and soil, which were not significantly affected by the labelling regime. The differences were, however, found to be significant between the two types of soils. The conclusion was that the conditions for plant growth during labelling were more important than the length of time of labelling, and that this explained the discrepancies in the literature-cited values. A succession of short-term 14C labelling of plants at different development stages followed by an allocation period of about 1 week is proposed to give a reliable estimation of the dynamics of C flow in the rhizosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 77 (1988), S. 255-260 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; Clonal growth ; Lathyrus sylvestris L. ; Ramet relationships ; Translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Lathyrus sylvestris is a pioneer legume often found in disturbed habitats. Mainly reproduced through vegetative propagation, this clonal species presents a system of ramets that remain connected for several years. The existence of carbon transfer among ramets within a clone has been studied using 14C in situ. Assimilate translocation from primary to secondary ramets was observed in all clones when the primary ramet was exposed to 14CO2. The amount of transfer ranged from trace up to 90% of the total 14C incorporated. However, in only half of the clones there was consistent enrichment of the secondary ramet (5 to 89%) suggesting that interramets transfer of carbon may be facultative. Furthermore, when significant export occurred from the primary ramet, it was always principally towards only one ramet even when the clone included more than one. The transfer of 14C from secondary to primary ramets was shown to be significant only when photosynthesis of the latter was decreased by shading. In this case import of carbon was never more than 60% of the incorporated 14C. No correlation was found between age or size of the ramets and the intensity of transfer. The shading effect let suppose that transfers are mainly driven by carbon limitation due to changing environmental conditions and not to the state of ramet maturity. The adaptative advantage of such facultative physiological integration between ramets of a clone is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 38 (1973), S. 331-345 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Methods for labelling growing plants by exposing them to C14O2 under a cellulose acetate-butyrate canopy have been developed for laboratory and field use. The length of labelling ranged from 2 to 33 days and the C14O2 content of the atmosphere was automatically controlled. This made it possible to measure carbon assimilation by the plants, transfer of photosynthates beneath ground and respiration of the roots. In the laboratory, root respiration of wheat plants was measured by separating the above and beneath ground plant parts using a RTV rubber partition. Half to two thirds of the assimilated carbon was found above ground, 15 to 25 per cent in the roots and shoot bases below the partition and 17 to 25 per cent was lost by underground respiration. The variability of these proportions was related to the stage of maturity of the plants. On native grassland, the relative above and beneath ground productivity was 50 per cent. The time required for the photosynthates to reach the roots at various depths ranged from 1 to 5 days and the amount of material deposited in the roots changed with time and soil moisture content. The use of tubes inserted at various depths beneath the canopy permitted sampling of soil air for C14 and CO2 measurements. The soil C14O2 flux indicated that root respiration during 8 days accounted for 24 per cent of the labelled carbon translocated to the roots after a two days labelling period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 131-139 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Fixed-N distribution in plants ; 15N2 reduction ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Trifolium arvense ; Trifolium badium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method for use of15N2 in the study of dinitrogen fixation by complex legumes-Rhizobium associations grown on soil is proposed. The procedure consists in labelling the soil atmosphere with15N2 during short periods of time, measuring15N enrichment in the plants and calculating the total nitrogen fixed during this period. The first results obtained with bean and clover plants demonstrate that after only 7 h of incubation, significative amounts of15N are measured in the plants to allow precise determination of C2H4/N2 ratio which ranged between 2.6 and 3.1 in this experiment. Over longer periods of time, such amounts are meaningfull to follow the pattern of N dynamic from the nodules to the reproductive organs of bean plants.
    Notes: Resumé Les auteurs proposent une méthode d'utilisation du15N2 pour l'étude de la fixation d'azote dans les associations complexes légumineuses-Rhizobium cultivées sur sol. La procédure consiste, à marquer l'atmosphère du sol à l'aide de15N2 et à calculer la quantité d'azote total fixé pendant cette période. Les premiers résultats obtenus sur des haricots et des trèfles démontrent qu'après seulement 7 h d'incubation, des quantités significatives de15N sont mesurées dans les plantes permettant ainsi de déterminer précisément la valeur du rapport C2H4/N2 qui a été établi entre 2,6 et 3,1 dans les conditions de l'expérience. Sur de longues périodes, ces mêmes quantités se sont avérées suffisantes pour suivre la dynamique de l'azote des nodules vers les organes reproducteurs de plants de haricots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 431-434 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; 15N2 diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The kinetic of15N2 diffusion has been measured in a system similar to that for the estimation of N2 fixation in plant microorganism associations cultivated in soil. The15N2 enrichment of the soil atmosphere reached an homogenous value one hour after injection of15N2 and is identical to that obtained by calculation, indicating that no adsorption occurs in the soil particles.
    Notes: Résumé La cinétique de diffusion du15N2 est mesurée sur un système identique à ceux pouvant être utilisés pour la mesure de fixation de l'azote chez les associations plantes-microorganismes cultivées sur sol. L'enrichissement homogène de l'atmosphère du sol est obtenu une heure environ après l'injection de15N2 et correspond à l'enrichissement calculé, ce qui indique qu'aucune adsorption n'a lieu dans les particules du sol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A rapid procedure is proposed for simultaneous measurement of total and radioactive carbon in soils, soil extracts and plant materials. The procedure involves dry or wet combustion of the sample, total carbon determination with an automatic analyser and C14O2 absorbtion in a liquid for scintillation measurement. The use of methyl-cellosolve plus mono-ethanolamine as a CO2 absorber allows measurements of weakly labelled materials. This method is suitable for fast routine analysis. re]19750929
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Assimilates distribution ; 14CO2 and15N2 labelling ; Glycine max L. Merrill ; Nitrogen fixation ; Respiration costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Distribution and use of photoassimilated carbon by nodulated soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown in natural conditions have been studied during two consecutive years by successive and simultaneous exposures of the plants to14CO2 and15N2 during one day. This method, together with detailed analysis of CO2 efflux by root systems made it possible to follow the fate of carbon in relation to dinitrogen fixation. The results showed that the stage of development at which the plants were labelled exerted a high influence on the initial distribution of carbon. The growing organs always attracted more of the recently assimilated carbon. So, the reproductive parts accumulated increasing proportions and by day 100 about 70% of the current net production was recovered in pods and seeds. Nodules stored from 3 to 5% of the daily production, from day 50 to day 100, when their fixation activity already dropped by day 85. During the period of optimal fixation the amount of carbon lost as CO2 due to the only process of N2 reduction ranged between 2.5 and 7 mg per mg of N2 fixed. This was equivalent to the amount of carbon directed towards roots and nodules structures during the same time. Secondary transfers by remobilization occurred from leaves and pods to the grains but mainly from the carbon assimilated during the podfilling stage (after day 80). However, these amounts were small indicating that grain development is mainly supported by current assimilates.
    Notes: Resumé La distribution et l'utilisation du carbone photoassimilé par des sojas (Glycine max L. Merr.) nodulés, cultivés en conditions naturelles ont été suivies durant deux années consécutives par expositions répétées et simultanées de plantes à du14CO2 et15N2 pendant une journée. Cette méthode couplée à une analyse détaillée des flux respiratoires au niveau des systèmes racinaires a permis de suivre le devenir du carbone en relation avec l'activité fixatrice d'azote. Les résultats montrent que le stade de développement des plantes au moment du marquage exerce une forte influence sur la distribution initiale du carbone. Ce sont les organes en forte croissance qui attirent le plus d'assimilats récents. Ainsi les organes reproducteurs, accumulent des quantités croissantes à partir de leur formation si bien qu'aux environs du jour 100, ils attirent près de 70% de la production nette. Les nodules eux stockent da 3 à 5% de cette production journalière entre les jours 50 et 100 alors que leur activité fixatrice chute déjà fortement dès le jour 85. Pendant la phase d'activité fixatrice optimale, les quantités de carbone perdues sous forme de CO2, pour le seul processus de réduction du N2, varient entre 2,5 et 7 mg par mg d'azote fixé. Ceci équivaut à la quantité de carbone destinée aux structures “racines et nodules”. Les transferts secondaires d'organes à organes se font à partir des organes végétatifs et puis des gousses vers les graines, mais essentiellement à partir de carbone assimilé durant la phase de remplissage des gousses (après le jour 80). Cependant, les quantités remobilisées sont faibles, ce qui indique que la croissance des graines dépend surtout d'une alimentation directe à partir de la photosynthèse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 131-143 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Assimilates distribution14CO2 labelling ; C remobilization ; N2 fixation ; Respiration costs ; Trifolium pratense L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The pattern of distribution of14C labelled assimilates and translocation with time was measured in red clover during one reproductive cycle. Measurements were made on whole plants grown outdoors in pots by exposing the aerial parts to14CO2 during one photoperiod. Simultaneously, root respiration and N2 fixation were recorded. At the beginning of the vegetative period, 2/3 of the assimilates remained in the leaves (basal leaves), and 1/3 were directed to the root system. Then the development of branches required as much as 40% of the C and the root allocation decreased. Reproductive structures diverted 17% of the current photosynthates. Nitrogen fixation was optimal during the maximum extension of the basal leaves and decreased during the development of branches. During this period, C allocation to the nodulated roots was high with an estimated amount of 3.2 mg of C per mg of N fixed. With time, translocation occured within the foliage, from basal leaves to the leaves of the branches and to the new basal leaves developed after senescence of the branches. Remobilization to the reproductive structures remained minimal indicating that flower and seed growth was supported by current photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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