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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for polyphyletic origin of the members of the orders of Oscillatoriales and Pleurocapsales as determined by 16S rDNA analysis (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 201 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Phylogenetic analyses were carried out on six pleurocapsalean strains and 12 oscillatorialean strains by sequence determination of the 16S rDNA (16S rRNA gene). Although heterocyst-forming strains of the orders Nostocales and Stigonematales were shown to be monophyletic, unicellular strains of the orders Chroococcales and filamentous Oscillatoriales were shown to be polyphyletic, as reported earlier. Moreover, unicellular and baeocyte-forming strains of the order Pleurocapsales, which were thought to be monophyletic, were newly found to be polyphyletic. The results strongly indicate that even morphology was not necessarily reflected in the phylogenetic relationships at the order level. A need exists to reconstruct the taxonomy of cyanobacteria at the order level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10736.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microviridin. A novel tricyclic depsipeptide from the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis viridis (1990)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 112 (1990), S. 8180-8182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00178a060
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic relationships between toxic and non-toxic strains of the genus Microcystis based on 16S to 23S internal transcribed spacer sequence (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 172 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 16S to 23S ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences of 47 strains of the genus Microcystis were determined. Derived maximum likelihood and DNA distance trees indicated that Microcystis can be divided into three clusters. The first cluster included toxic and non-toxic strains, the second only toxic ones, and the third only non-toxic ones. The tree topologies were not necessarily correlated with morphospecies distinction or phycobilin pigment composition, and one genotype may have more than one morphotype. Phylogenetic analysis based on intergenic spacer sequences was thought to be effective for understanding relationships among closely related species and strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13443.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    16S rDNA sequences and phylogenetic analyses of Microcystis strains with and without phycoerythrin (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 164 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Phylogenetic analyses were carried out on 15 strains of Microcystis, with five morphospecies and including two types of phycobilin pigment composition, by sequence determination of the 16S rDNA (16S rRNA gene). All the sequences showed high similarity, in some cases 100% similarity, between different morphospecies and phycobilin types. Derived phylogenetic trees revealed a close relationship between Microcystis strains with and without phycoerythrin. The data show that phenotypes of Microcystis do not necessarily reflect their phylogeny, and that there is a need to reconstruct the present taxonomy at the species level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13076.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology, genetic diversity, temperature tolerance and toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) strains from Thailand and Japan (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 48 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a planktonic, nostocalean cyanobacterium, which produces an alkaloid heptatoxin, cylindrospermopsin. We performed morphological observations, 16S rDNA sequence analysis, PCR fingerprint analysis of short tandemly repeated repetitive (STRR) sequences, temperature tolerances and toxin analysis to characterize 24 strains of this toxic cyanobacterium isolated from Thailand and Japan. All strains shared common morphological traits characteristic of C. raciborskii and showed high 16S rDNA sequence similarity, forming a defined cluster together with the reference strains from Australia. In particular, some of the Thai strains shared 99.9% to 100% similarity with the Australian strains. Various combinations of STRR primers revealed different and unique DNA band patterns among strains of C. raciborskii. The phylogenetic tree revealed two main clusters of C. raciborskii strains, the Thai/Japan-Shinobazugaike cluster (cluster I) and the Japan-Gonoike cluster (cluster II). Cluster I was further divided into two subclusters, A (only Thai strains) and B (one Thai strain and the Japan-Shinobazugaike strains). Thus, the results from 16S rDNA and STRR analyses showed no clear geographical distinction between Japanese and Thai strains and between Thai and Australian strains. Thai strains were separated into adaptive and non-adaptive groups to low temperature (15 and 17.5 °C) and Japanese strains were composed of only low-temperature-adaptive ones. The toxin cylindrospermopsin was detected in some strains of cluster I-A and in one strain of cluster II. We conclude that C. raciborskii is a species that has recently begun to invade, and a species with different physiological strains or ecotypes in temperature tolerance; the toxin is synthesized without any relation to phylogenetic or genetic clusters and to geography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2004.02.014
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Cu, Cd and Zn on photosynthesis of freshwater benthic algae (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 1 (1989), S. 39-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: heavy metal ; photosynthesis ; algae ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One hundred and eighteen algal isolates comprising seven classes were obtained from a range of sites from polluted rivers running through Cu or Zn mining regions, and from unpolluted rivers. All the isolates were tested for photosynthetic activity when exposed to Cu, Cd or Zn. The tolerance levels of Bacillariophyceae, Charophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae to Cu showed significant positive correlations with Cu concentrations in the field. However the distribution of metal sensitivities of the algae from the sites with the same metal concentration was broad. Both Bacillariophyceae and Charophyceae had a number of strains whose sensitivity to Cu differed more widely in relation to Cu levels in the environment than Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Cyanophyceae were sensitive to all three metals, whether or not isolates were obtained from polluted sites, whereas Chlorophyceae tended to have high tolerance even in isolates from unpolluted sites. For Cd and Zn the correlation between tolerance levels and concentrations in the field was not so clear as for Cu. The occurrence of Cu tolerance was shown in 4 diatom species and one Charophyceae, whereas metal resistance occurred in some Chlorophyceae. Cu-tolerant isolates tended also to be Zn-tolerant in Bacillariophyceae, and Cd-resistant isolates tended also to be Zn-resistant in Chlorophyceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003534
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of cyanoviridin RR, a toxin from the blue-green alga,Microcystis viridis (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 1 (1989), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: blue-green alga ; Microcystis viridis ; cyanoviridin RR ; microcystin RR ; toxins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mass culture of an axenic clone ofMicrocystis viridis (NIES-102) was carried out, and three toxins were isolated from the cell. Structure elucidation of one of the toxins, designated cyanoviridin RR (microcystin RR), was performed mainly by means of modern NMR techniques. Cyanoviridin RR was a cyclic heptapeptide consisting of seven amino acids, Adda, l-arginine, erthro-β-methyl-aspartic acid, l-arginine, d-alanine, N-methyldehydroalanine, and d-glutamic acid. Structurally, this toxin belongs to the cyanoginosins already isolated fromM. aeruginosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003533
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microcystin composition of an axenic clonal strain of Microcystis viridis and Microcystis viridis-containing waterblooms in Japanese freshwaters (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 173-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: axenic Microcystis viridis ; microcystin ; toxic waterbloom ; Japanese lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Toxic cyclis heptapeptides (microcystin) in cells of an axenic clonal strain of Microcystis viridis were analyzed quantitatively. Cells from the logarithmic, stationary and death phases of batch culture contained 670, 618 and 372 μg toxic cyclic heptapeptides per g dry cells, respectively. The toxic peptides of the cells from the stationary phase consisted of microcystin RR (65%), microcystin LR (22%), microcystin YR (10%) and microcystin LA (3%). The composition of the toxic peptides changed only slightly through the phases of batch culture. Toxicities and the toxic peptide contents of Microcystis viridis-containing waterblooms in Japanese freshwaters were examined. All samples tested had toxic effects on mice after intraperitoneal injection. The toxic peptides in the samples were composed mainly of microcystin RR (50%) and microcystin LR (30%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023379
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unique response of Cyanophyceae to copper (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 293-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: heavy metal ; photosynthesis ; periphyton ; tolerance ; Cyanophyceae ; genetic adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was made of the tolerance to Cu of 11 strains of Cyanophyceae and 7 strains of eukaryotes. These had all been tested within 6 months after isolation for their photosynthetic activity when exposed to Cu (Takamuraet al., 1989) and had repeatedly been subcultured in the medium without Cu for 2 years. Photosynthetic measurements were made in two ways: precultured in medium without Cu or precultured (for one subculture) in medium containing Cu (645 μg 1−1). The results were compared with those obtained within 6 months of isolation. The tolerance of the eukaryotes did not change significantly in any case, but most strains of Cyanophyceae lost their tolerance to Cu within a few subcultures in medium without Cu; however tolerance recovered following one subculture in medium containing an intermediate level of Cu. This rapid adaptation cannot be explained by a constitutive mutation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02180917
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term viability of preserved eukaryotic algae (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 9 (1997), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: algae ; cryo-injury ; cryopreservation ; culturecollection ; cryo-storage ; drying ; freeze-drying
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Levels of viability of Chlorella emersonii after storage of dried material for one year were 0.1% on rehydration, all other dried organisms examined in this study failed to recover after prolonged storage. In addition, no detectable recovery was observed in any of the algae tested after storage of freeze-dried cultures. Methods have also been developed to cryopreserve a range of microalgae, but no single protocol has been found to be universally satisfactory. Some strains are apparently not able to withstand cryopreservation using known methods, whilst others may be frozen successfully in the absence of cryoprotectant by plunging directly into liquid nitrogen. A two-step protocol (cooling to an intermediate subzero temperature prior to plunging into liquid nitrogen) has been used to cryopreserve the majority of strains. Where this has proven successful, post-thaw viability levels of over 95% have been attained for some algae. This paper demonstrates that, where applicable, cryopreservation allows the long-term preservation of frozen algae with no significant reduction in viability up to 22 years storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007991507314
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