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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence That the FX Domain in Photosystem I Interacts with the Subunit PsaC: Site-Directed Changes in PsaB Destabilize the Subunit Interaction in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 34 (1995), S. 6328-6334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00019a010
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Universality of Energy and Electron Transfer Processes in Photosystem I (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 34 (1995), S. 15512-15522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00047a017
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Appearance of a State 1 – State 2 transition during chloroplast development in the wheat leaf: Energetic and structural considerations (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 60 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ability of developing chloroplasts to dynamically regulate the distribution of excitation energy between photosystem 1 and photosystem 2, and thus perform a State 1 – State 2 transition, was examined from analyses of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics in 4- and 8-day-old Triticum aestivum L. cv. Maris Dove leaves grown under a diurnal light regime. Chloroplasts at all stages of development in the two leaf systems could undergo a State 1 – State 2 transition, except those found in the basal 0.5 cm of the 4-day-old leaf. The ability to physiologically modify the excitation energy distribution between the chlorophyll matrices of the two photosystems developed after the development of mature, fully photochemically competent photosystem 2 units and the appearance of excitation energy transfer between photosystem 2 and photosystem 1. Also, changes in the degree of energetic interaction between the two photosystems, in vivo rates of electron transport and the chlorophyll a/b ratio could not be correlated with the appearance of a State 1 – State 2 transition. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated a 32% increase in the degree of thylakoid appression in chloroplasts at the base of the 8-day-old leaf compared to the situation in the basal 0.5 cm of the 4-day-old leaf. This difference in thylakoid stacking can account for the differing abilities of these two tissues to perform a State 1 – State 2 transition when considered in the context of the distribution of the two photosystems within appressed and non-appressed regions of thylakoid membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb04560.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The marginal regions of thylakoid membranes: A partial characterization by polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) solubilization of spinach thylakoids (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 72 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The detergent Tween-20 solubilized preferentially portions of the marginal regions of Spinacea oleracea L. thylakoid membranes and, thus, opened the inside of the grana to the external media. Differential centrifugation. following Tween-20 solubilization. enabled separate fractions of grana and stromal-exposed membranes to be isolated. Analysis of Tween-20 solubilized material, after pelleting all membrane material by centrifugation at 100 000 g, revealed polypeptides associated with the coupling factor (CF1) particles, cytochrome b6/f and photosystem II complexes, suggesting that the marginal membranes contain these proteins. Concomitantly, the 100 000 g pellet was depleted in cytochrome b6/f and P700, determined spectroscopically, Thus. our results reveal the margin to be a distinct membrane region, which does not contain the light-harvesting centers of photosystem II (LHC II). The implication of these results, in terms of the energetic interaction of components of granal and stromalexposed membrane regions, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb05835.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential expression of the psbB and psbH genes encoding the 47 kDa chlorophyll a-protein and the 10 kDa phosphoprotein of photosystem II during chloroplast development in wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Light regulation ; psbN ; Triticum aestivum ; Etioplast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of a region of wheat chloroplast DNA containing the psbB gene for the 47 kDa chlorophyll a-binding protein of photosystem II has been determined. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 508 amino acid residues which is predicted to contain six hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions. The psbB gene is located 562 bp upstream of the psbH gene for the 10 kDa phosphoprotein of photosystem II. A small open reading frame of 38 codons is located between psbB and psbH, and on the opposite strand the psbN gene, encoding a photosystem II polypeptide of 43 amino acid residues, is located between orf38 and psbH. S1 nuclease mapping indicated that the 5′ ends of transcripts were located 371 and 183 bp upstream of the psbB translation initiation codon. Predominant transcripts of 2.1 kb and 1.8 kb for psbB and 0.4 kb for psbH were present in RNA isolated from etiolated and greening wheat seedlings. Immunodecoration of Western blots indicated that the 47 kDa polypeptide was absent, or present in very low amounts, in dark-grown tissue and accumulated on greening, whereas the 10 kDa polypeptide was present in similar amounts in both dark-grown and greening seedlings. The 10 kDa polypeptide was phosphorylated in vitro by incubating wheat etioplast membranes with [γ3 2P] ATP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336487
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A photosystem II polypeptide is encoded by an open reading frame co-transcribed with genes for cytochrome b-559 in wheat chloroplast DNA (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 12 (1989), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast DNA ; cytochrome b-559 ; photosystem II ; psbL ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The N-terminal amino acid sequence of a 3.2 kDa photosystem II polypeptide is shown to be identical to that of a polypeptide encoded by an open reading frame of 38 codons (orf38) in wheat chloroplast DNA. Orf38 is located just downstream of the psbE and psbF genes for the polypeptides of cytochrome b-559. Analysis of the transcription of this region of chloroplast DNA shows that psbE, psbF and orf38 are co-transcribed to give a 1.1 kb polycistronic transcript which also contains another open reading frame of 40 codons. The orf38 and orf40 products are hydrophobic polypeptides which are both predicted to span the thylakoid membrane once. Orf38 and orf40 are highly conserved, and map to similar locations adjacent to psbE and psbF, in all organisms from which this region of DNA has been sequenced. We propose that orf38 is named psbL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020499
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased mRNA accumulation in a psaB frame-shift mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii suggests a role for translation in psaB mRNA stability (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 465-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; mRNA stability ; photosystem I ; translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regulation of mRNA stability is an important control in the differential accumulation of chloroplast mRNAs that occurs in response to developmental and environmental signals. The mechanism by which differential mRNA accumulation is achieved is unknown. We have examined mRNA accumulation in a chloroplast mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii previously shown to contain a single AT base-pair deletion in the psaB gene. In this mutant, steady-state levels of mRNA from psaB accumulate to a level more than twice that found in cells that have had the mutation repaired by chloroplast transformation. In vivo pulse labeling of RNA shows that increased mRNA accumulation is due to a more stable transcript. We show that inhibitors of chloroplast protein synthesis also increase mRNA accumulation from the psaB gene. The results are consistent with a link between polysome association, active synthesis and stability of psaB transcripts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015976
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Function of 3′ non-coding sequences and stop codon usage in expression of the chloroplast psaB gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 337-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mRNA stability ; Photosystem I ; chloroplast transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rate of mRNA decay is an important step in the control of gene expression in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and cellular organelles. Factors that determine the rate of mRNA decay in chloroplasts are not well understood. Chloroplast mRNAs typically contain an inverted repeat sequence within the 3′ untranslated region that can potentially fold into a stem-loop structure. These stem-loop structures have been suggested to stabilize the mRNA by preventing degradation by exonuclease activity, although such a function in vivo has not been clearly established. Secondary structures within the translation reading frame may also determine the inherent stability of an mRNA. To test the function of the inverted repeat structures in chloroplast mRNA stability mutants were constructed in the psaB gene that eliminated the 3′ flanking sequences of psaB or extended the open reading frame into the 3′ inverted repeat. The mutant psaB genes were introduced into the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mutants lacking the 3′ stem-loop exhibited a 75% reduction in the level of psaB mRNA. The accumulation of photosystem I complexes was also decreased by a corresponding amount indicating that the mRNA level is limiting to PsaB protein synthesis. Pulse-chase labeling of the mRNA showed that the decay rate of the psaB mRNA was significantly increased demonstrating that the stem-loop structure is required for psaB mRNA stability. When the translation reading frame was extended into the 3′ inverted repeat the mRNA level was reduced to only 2% of wild-type indicating that ribosome interaction with stem-loop structures destabilizes chloroplast mRNAs. The non-photosynthetic phenotype of the mutant with an extended reading frame allowed us to test whether infrequently used stop codons (UAG and UGA) can terminate translation in vivo. Both UAG and UGA are able to effectively terminate PsaB synthesis although UGA is never used in any of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast genes that have been sequenced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021794
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maintenance and expression of heterologous genes in chloroplast ofChlamydomonas reinhardtii (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 6 (1994), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; transformation ; chloroplast ; aminoglycoside adenine transferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplast genome ofChlamydomonas reinhardtii has been transformed with a chimeric gene consisting of the chloroplastatpA promoter and the bacterial gene for aminoglycoside adenine transferase (aadA). TheatpA-aadA cassette has been placed within the chloroplast DNAEcoRI restriction enzyme fragment 14, or within the chloroplastBamH1 fragment 10. The chimeric constructs were introduced into the chloroplast by particle bombardment. Integration of the cassette into chloroplast DNA then occurred via homologous recombination of sequences flanking the cassette with their corresponding chloroplast sequences. We demonstrate that the chloroplastatpA promoter inatpA-aadA routinely recombines with its endogenous counterpart, resulting in heteroplasmic chloroplast DNA populations that may persist for many generations. The heterologous gene does not require a 3′ inverted repeat sequence for its expression. TheatpA-aadA gene copy number, which is dictated here by its position in the chloroplast genome, is proportional to the steady state level ofatpA-aadA mRNA. However, neither genomic position, gene copy number, or mRNA level have a significant effect on cellular resistance to spectinomycin, nor activity of theaadA gene productin vitro. These results suggest that, in the case ofaadA, the limiting step for expression of this gene is at the translational or post-translational level. TheatpA-aadA cassette should prove a useful model for future studies on the maintenance and expression of heterologous genes inC. reinhardtii chloroplasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186077
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acclimation of photosynthetic proteins to rising atmospheric CO2 (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 39 (1994), S. 413-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: elevated CO2 ; gene expression ; Rubisco ; rbcL ; rbcS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this review we discuss how the photosynthetic apparatus, particularly Rubisco, acclimates to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ca). Elevated ca alters the control exerted by different enzymes of the Calvin cycle on the overall rate of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, so altering the requirement for different functional proteins. A decreased flux of carbon through the photorespiratory pathway will decrease requirements for these enzymes. From modeling of the response of CO2 uptake (A) to intracellular CO2 concentration (ci) it is shown that the requirement for Rubisco is decreased at elevated ca, whilst that for proteins limiting ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate regeneration may be increased. This balance may be altered by other interactions, in particular plasticity of sinks for photoassimilate and nitrogen supply; hypotheses on these interactions are presented. It is speculated that increased accumulation of carbohydrate in leaves developed at elevated ca may signal the ‘down regulation’ of Rubisco. The molecular basis of this ‘down regulation’ is discussed in terms of the repression of photosynthetic gene expression by the elevated carbohydrate concentrations. This molecular model is then used to predict patterns of acclimation of perennials to long term growth in elevated ca.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014595
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