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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical e-journals, chemical e-preprints (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Online information review 26 (2002), S. 164-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-4527
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship
    Notes: Chemists communicate in structures. The nature of information available to chemists therefore has to take this into account. With the migration from print to electronic publication nearly complete, the Internet offers the chemical information user many advantages. Journal articles are accessible quickly and easily from the desktop, long before their appearance in paper form. Additionally, research papers can now be uploaded to preprint servers before they even enter the publishing process. This paper discusses the many advantages this brings with it for chemists, but also discusses the disadvantages some may see as a possible result.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14684520210432459
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of abuse liability of drugs using IV self-administration by rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1983), S. 6-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Abuse liability ; Addiction ; Behavior ; Monkey ; Physical dependence ; Rat ; Reinforcement ; Self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total 31 psychoactive drugs were offered to groups of naive rats for IV self-administration and an injection rate greater than that for rats offered only saline indicated reinforcement. Two protocols were used: in the first, rats were offered drug at a selected dose for 5 days, then the dose was reduced by 1 log unit (to 0.1 the original dose) for an additional 4 days; in the second, rats were offered saline for 3 days as a ‘prescreen’ to eliminate rats with high or low operant-injection rates. Drug was offered to acceptable rats for 5 days, then the dose was reduced 0.5 log unit (to 0.32 the original dose) for 5 more days. A scoring system, based upon the injection rates during the last 3 days of each period, describes the reinforcing action. Scores were dose-related. Tests on both protocols gave similar results. Data from monkey studies have been reported for 27 of the drugs tested. Of these drugs, 18 were reinforcers and six were nonreinforcers in both species, nalorphine and ethylketazocine were reinforcers only in rats, and ethanol was a reinforcer only in monkeys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426372
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dose and physical dependence as factors in the self-administration of morphine by rats (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 65 (1979), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Rat ; Self-administration ; Physical dependence ; Addiction ; Reinforcement ; Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Groups of naive rats were offered morphine sulfate for self-administration in doses of 0.0032–10 mg/kg for 6 days. On day 7 saline was substituted for morphine. Loss of weight was taken as physiological evidence of dependence. Rats that did not lose weight formed a single population whose mean injection rate did not differe from control rats receiving only saline injections. Injection rates for rats losing weight were log-normally distributed, and the mean of the logarithms of the injection rates was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose. Mean daily injection rates averaged 12 for controls, 23 at 10 mg/kg, and 411 at 0.01 mg/kg. A transient increase in morphine intake after an injection of nalorphine was taken as behavioral evidence of dependence. Nalorphine increased morphine intake when rats were self-injecting 0.32 and 1.0 mg/kg of morphine, but not 0.032 or 0.1 mg/kg. The reinforcing property of morphine may occur without behavioral evidence of dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433045
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative potency of codeine, methadone and dihydromorphinone to morphine in self-maintained addict rats (1965)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 249 (1965), S. 509-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method is described for obtaining potency estimates of narcotic analgesics to morphine in experimental addict rats. Drugs were administered through a chronic right heart cannula and intake was under the rat's voluntary control. Animals were offered two doses of morphine (3.2 and 10 mg/kg/injection) and two doses of test compound on a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule of 10:1. Logarithm of the daily number of injections taken was used as the effect metameter. Each potency estimate was based on results in four rats. Rats averaged 137 mg/kg/day of morphine when offered 10 mg/kg/injection. A diurnal variation in opiate intake was observed, the nighttime rate being about one-third greater than the daytime rate. Morphine intake measured before and after the assay period was essentially unchanged. Potency estimates and the 95% fiducial interval were: dihydromorphinone = 10 (5.2−19) × morphine, methadone = 3.4 (2.7−4.6) × morphine and codeine = 0.67 (0.45−1.0) × morphine. Analgesic activity for codeine was not proportional to its ability to substitute for morphine in addict rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00246557
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiovascular actions of the hypotensive agent, N, N-diallylmelamine (U-7720) (1965)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 251 (1965), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diallylmelamine is an effective hypotensive agent in hypertensive dogs and rats, having a duration of action exceeding twenty-four hours from a single oral dose. It has limited efficacy in normotensive rats. Hypotensive activity of gradual onset is preceded by a latent period of up to two hours and becomes maximal six hours or more after dosing. This agent does not depress cardiac output or sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity. It is suggested that its hypotensive activity results from a direct effect upon vascular smooth muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245728
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological significance of prostaglandins with special reference to their effects on metabolism (1971)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 269 (1971), S. 347-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01003049
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  • 7
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    Goal-box placements with initial nonreward and situational similarity in resistance to extinction (1977)
    Urbana, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    American Journal of Psychology. 90:2 (1977:June) 291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9556
    Topics: Psychology
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:1016-1977-090-02-000010
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting voluntary morphine intake in self-maintained addicted rats (1964)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 6 (1964), S. 267-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Self-maintained morphine addicted rats were prepared by implanting chronic venous cannulas and fitting the rats with a device permitting relatively free movement and also enabling them to obtain morphine injections at will by pressing a lever. Three factors modifying voluntary morphine intake were studied. 1. Using a continuous reinforcement schedule, progressively decreasing the size of the morphine dose led to a greater number of doses daily. Compensation was incomplete in that the total daily morphine intake decreased. 2. Progressively increasing a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule up to about FR-75, caused rats to continue responding on the lever until the dose was obtained. Above FR-75 responding became intermittent and daily morphine decreased as the time interval between doses increased. 3. Continuous intravenous infusion of a second drug, leaving voluntary access to morphine at FR-10, led to decreased morphine intake following infusion of morphine itself, codeine and meperidine. Nalorphine infusion increased morphine intake. Effectiveness of infusions varied with the infusion rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413156
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of effect of dexoxadrol in self-maintained morphine dependence in rats (1967)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 11 (1967), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dexoxadrol, dextromethorphan and meperidine were given by continuous intravenous infusion to selfmaintained morphine dependent rats. Dexoxadrol and dextromethorphan did not significantly decrease the rate of morphine self-administration. Meperidine produced a dose related decrease in the rate of morphine injections. The failure of dexoxadrol to reduce morphine intake is evidence that it will probably not produce opioid-like addiction liability in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404605
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