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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 53 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The marine flagellate Cryptomonas maculata is bleached and eventually killed by exposure to even moderate white-light fluence rates. Bleaching affects all of its photosynthetic pigments and the kinetics depend on the fluence rate of the radiation the organisms are exposed to. Nitrogen-deficient cells which show a reduced pigment concentration and impaired photosynthetic efficiency tolerate bleaching white-light exposure far better than the normally colored cells. In their natural environment the organisms escape this situation by a pronounced negative phototaxis at fluence rates above 3.6 klx (= 15 W.m−2), while they show positive phototaxis at lower fluence rates. In nitrogen-deficient cells, however, though being less prone to photobleaching, negative phototaxis commences even at a fluence rate of about 830 lx (= 3.5 W.m−2). The ecological consequences of the remarkable light sensitivity and the phototactic orientation are being discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Chloroplasten in Palisadenzellen aus Rosettenblättern von Arabidopsis thaliana wurden an der grünen Normalform und einer vitalen chlorina-Mutante (ch 3) vergleichend licht-, fluorescenz- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Chloroplasten der grünen Normalform zeigen in Aufsicht licht-und fluorescenzmikroskopisch eine regelmäßige Granaverteilung. Elektronenmikroskopisch entspricht die Ausbildung der Grana- und Intergranabereiche in Profilansicht den Befunden an Chloroplasten anderer höherer Pflanzen. Bei der licht- und fluorescenzmikroskopischen Analyse der Chloroplasten der Mutante fehlt eine entsprechende Granaordnung. Elektronenmikroskopisch lassen sich drei verschiedene Chloroplastentypen nachweisen: Bei Typ I kann das Thylakoidsystem in den Chloroplasten weitgehend undifferenziert bleiben; bei Typ II erfolgt eine von der grünen Normalform abweichende Schichtenbildung in den Chloroplasten, wie sie bislang nur von Anthoceros bekannt ist; bei Typ III werden in Profilansicht Stapel mit vornehmlich konjunktiver Schichtung vom Aspekt “normaler Grana” erreicht. An Hand von kompletten Schnittserien wird die Stapelbildung für die komplizierteren Chloroplasten-Typen II und III in räumlichen Modellen dargestellt; ihre Entwicklung wird als Folge von Invaginations-und Überschiebungsprozessen gedeutet.
    Notes: Summary Chloroplasts in the palisade cells of rosette leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana have been compared in the green wild type and in a vital chlorina mutant (ch 3) using light-, fluorescence-, and electron microscopy. In the chloroplasts of the wild type in face view a regular distribution of grana was revealed by light- and fluorescence microscopy. In side view under the electron microscope the formation of grana and intergrana regions corresponds to the reported chloroplast fine structure in other higher plants. In the chloroplasts of the mutant form this normal grana formation is not visible when analysed under the light- and fluorescence microscope. Under the electron microscope, three different types of chloroplasts have been distinguished: type I, in which the thylakoid system remains largely undifferentiated; type II, in which stacking processes take place comparable to those reported for the Anthoceros chloroplast but different from those of the wild type plastid in Arabidopsis; and type III, in which the stacking of thylakoids leads to a predominantly conjunctive arrangement which may reach the aspect of “normal grana” in side view. On the basis of complete series of cross sections spatial models have been constructed for the more complicated stacking in chloroplasts of type II and III, and their development has been explained by invagination and sliding over processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Mastigocladus ; Phycobiliproteins ; Phycobilisomes ; Phycoerythrocyanin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method for the effective isolation of functionally intact phycobilisomes from the thermophilic cyanobacterium M. laminosus is presented, using an unconventional high buffer molarity for stabilizing the aggregates and introducing a DNAse treatment of the disrupted cells to obtain sharp banding of the phycobilisomes in the linear sucrose density gradients. The structural integrity of the isolated phycobilisomes is demonstrated by a fluorescence emission maximum at 673 nm of aggregated allophycocyanin and by electron microscopy. Besides C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin, phycoerythrocyanin is a constituent pigment of the phycobilisomes. These pigments indicated in the absorption spectrum of phycobilisomes with a maximum at 610 nm and two shoulders at 650 and 580 nm, respectively, were characterized by spectral data and isoelectric points.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 71 (1970), S. 367-383 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Feinstruktur der Chloroplasten und Pyrenoide von je einer Art der Gattungen Cryptomonas, Chroomonas und Hemiselmis (Cryptophyceae) wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. 2. Die Thylakoide sind locker assoziiert, hauptsächlich zu zweit, und durch einen geringen Abstand von 30–80 Å getrennt. Ein Thylakoid kann für eine längere Strecke mit ein und demselben Thylakoid assoziiert sein oder im Wechsel mit zwei auf gegenüberliegenden Seiten verlaufenden Thylakoiden. Thylakoidgabelungen wurden in allen 3 Arten beobachtet. 3. Abweichend von allen bekannten Chloroplasten sind die Thylakoide der hier untersuchten Cryptophyceen kontrastreich; sie enthalten im intrathylakoidalen Raum (=Loculus im Sinne von Weier, 1962) verteilt ein fein granuliertes, dichtes Material. Bedingt durch eine ungleiche Verteilung dieses intrathylakoidalen Materials wechselt die Dicke der Thylakoide im Bereich von 190–300 Å bei Cryptomonas und von 240–360 Å bei Hemiselmis und Chroomonas; keulenförmige Endglieder der Thylakoide können diese Werte noch übertreffen. 4. Ribosomenähnliche Partikel von 120–180 Å Durchmesser, Vacuolen und verstreut vorkommende, elektronentransparente DNS-führende Bezirke wurden in der Chloroplastenmatrix beobachtet, jedoch konnte keine Granulafraktion entdeckt werden, die in enger Bindung an die Oberflächen der Thylakoidmembranen den Biliproteinpartikeln von Rhodophyceen und Cyanophyceen entsprechen würde. 5. Die gestielten Pyrenoide von Hemiselmis und Chroomonas entspringen dem Vorderende des bootförmigen Chloroplasten und werden von einem Thylakoidpaar durchzogen. In Cryptomonas nimmt das Pyrenoid den zentralen Teil des H-oder U-förmigen Chloroplasten ein und stellt damit einen Teil der Verbindung der beiden Lappen dar. Gepaarte Thylakoide dringen bis in diese Brücke vor und enden in der Pyrenoidbasis. Auf der freien Seite ist das Pyrenoid durch einen Spalt aufgeliedert, der das Stigma enthält. Die Pyrenoide werden von Stärkekörnern umgeben, die außerhalb der Chloroplastenhülle liegen, die jedoch ihrerseits zusammen mit dem Stigma und dem ganzen Chloroplasten von einer periplastidären ER-Cisterne umschlossen werden, die gewöhnlich mit der Kernhülle in Zusammenhang steht.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the chloroplasts and pyrenoids of each one species of the genera Cryptomonas, Chroomonas, and Hemiselmis (Cryptophyceae) was investigated by electron microscopy. The thylakoids are loosely associated mainly in pairs, separated by a slight space of 30–80 Å. One thylakoid can be associated with one and the same thylakoid for a longer distance or in alternation with two thylakoids on opposite sides. Bifurcated thylakoids were observed in all three species. Deviating from all known chloroplasts the thylakoids of the Cryptophyceae, investigated here, are electron opaque, containing a fine granular, dense material, dispersed in the intrathylakoidal space (=loculus in the terminology of Weier, 1962). Caused by a varying distribution of the intrathylakoidal material the thickness of the thylakoids changes in the range of 190–300 Å in Cryptomonas and of 240 to 360 Å in Hemiselmis and Chroomonas; club-shaped parts at the end of the thylakoids can even exceed these values. Ribosome-like particles, 120–180 Å in diameter, vacuoles, and scattered electron-transparent DNA-containing areas were observed in the chloroplast matrix, but no granular fraction corresponding to the biliprotein particles of the Rhodophyceae or Cyanophyceae associated with the surface of the thylakoid membranes could be detected. The stalked pyrenoids of Hemiselmis and Chroomonas are bulging of the anterior end of the boat-shaped chloroplast traversed by two associated thylakoids. In Cryptomonas the pyrenoid occupies the central part of the H- or U-shaped chloroplast, thus being a part of the connection of the two lobes. Paired thylakoids penetrate the bridge and terminate in the pyrenoid basis. On its free face the pyrenoid is bisected by a groove containing the stigma. The pyrenoids are surrounded by starch grains which lie outside the chloroplast envelope, yet, they are enclosed together with the stigma and the whole chloroplast by a periplastidal ER-cisterna, which usually is in continuity with the nuclear envelope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phycocyanin-645 ; Multiple Forms ; Charge Heterogeneity ; Biliprotein ; Chroomonas spec. ; Cryptophyceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The properties of phycocyanin-645 from the fresh water cryptomonad Chroomonas spec. were investigated after the pigment was isolated and purified by a combination of differential ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration chromatography and ammonium sulphate gradient elution. Phycocyanin-645 is characterized by absorption maxima at 645 nm, 584 nm, 369 nm, 275 nm and shoulders at 340 nm and 620 nm. The CD spectrum has a negative maximum at 645 nm and a positive maximum at 584 nm with a shoulder at 610 nm. The fluorescence emission spectrum is asymmetrical and shows a maximum at 660 nm and a shoulder at approximately 715 nm. The molecular weight of the native phycocyanin-645, estimated by gel filtration, is 45000 for all multiple pigment forms below. Phycocyanin-645 is heterogenous in charge as revealed by isoelectric focusing with pIs at 7.03, 6.17, 5.75, 5.25 and 4.88, respectively, the main bands lying at pI 7.03 and pI 6.17. This was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; five pigment components differing in mobility were found. We propose the term “multiple pigment forms” for these five phycocyanin-645 modifications. Calibrated SDS gel electrophoresis shows phycocyanin-645 to consist of three subunits, two light chains (α1, α2), having molecular weights of 9200 and 10400, respectively, and one heavy chain (β), having a molecular weight of 15500. Suggesting a 1:1:2 ratio between the subunits, the quaternary structure of the pigment molecule is α1 β 1-α2 β 1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Autofluorescence ; Cell wall structure Clusters of photosystem I and II ; Cyanobacteria Freeze-fracture of thylakoids ; Microplasmodesmata Phycobiliprotein inclusion bodies ; Synechocystis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructures of two closely related strains of a novel diazotrophic cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. BO 8402 and BO 9201, were examined using ultrathin sections and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Cells of both strains were surrounded by an unusual thick peptidoglycan layer. Substructures in the layer indicated the presence of microplasmodesmata aligned perpendicular to the free cell surface and in the septum of dividing cells. Synechocystis sp. strain BO 8402 contained lobed, electronopaque, highly fluorescent inclusion bodies consisting of phycocyanin-linker complexes. The thylakoids lacked phycobilisomes and accommodated, in addition to randomly distributed exoplasmic freeze-fracture particles, patches of two-dimensionally ordered arrays of dimeric photosystem II particles in the exoplasmic fracture face. Determination of photosystem I and photosystem II suggested an increase of photosystem II in strain BO 8402. Strain BO 9201 performed phycobilisome-supported photosynthesis and showed rows of dimeric photosystem II particles in the exoplasmic fracture face. Corresponding particle-free grooves in the protoplasmic fracture face were lined by a class of large particles tentatively assigned as trimers of photosystem I. The different lateral organization of protein complexes in the thylakoid membranes and the fine structure of the cell wall are discussed with respect to absorption cross-section of photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 100 (1974), S. 253-270 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phycobiliproteins ; Rhodophyceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Zusammensetzung des Phycobiliproteidgehalts der einzelligen marinen Rotalge Rhodella violacea wurde untersucht. 2. Eine Methode zur Massenanzucht der Alge wird vorgestellt. 3. Die Isolierung und Reinigung der Phycobiliproteide aus Rohextrakten im Anschluß an die Ultraschallfraktionierung der Zellen erfolgte durch Gel- und Ionenaustauschchromatographie. 4. Das Vorkommen von B-Phycoerythrin, C-Phycocyanin und Allophycocyanin konnte für Rhodella violacea nachgewiesen werden. 5. Der hohe Reinheitsgrad der isolierten nativen Phycobiliproteide erlaubte ihre Charakterisierung durch Spektraldaten (Absorptionsspektren, Extinktionsverhältnisse und Fluorescenz-Emissionsspektren) und durch Bestimmung ihrer Molekulargewichte und isoelektrischen Punkte; die letzteren wurden mit 4,39, 4,46 und 4,79 für B-Phycoerythrin I, C-Phycocyanin bzw. Allophycocyanin ermittelt. 6. Die Phycobiliproteidkomposition unterscheidet Rhodella violacea deutlich von den Arten der Gattung Porphyridium und unterstützt damit die kürzlich vorgeschlagene Trennung von dieser Gattung.
    Notes: Abstract The phycobiliproteins of the unicellular marine red alga, Rhodella violacea, were investigated. A method of mass culture of the alga is presented. B-phycoerythrin, C-phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin were isolated from crude extracts by the combination of gel and ion exchange chromatography. The highly purified native phycobiliproteins were characterized by absorption spectra, absorption ratios, and fluorescence emission spectra, molecular weights, and isoelectric points. The latter were found to be 4.39, 4.46, and 4.79 for B-phycoerythrin I, C-phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin, respectively. The phycobiliprotein composition clearly distinguishes Rhodella violacea from Porphyridium aerugineum and P. cruentum, thus, supporting the separation of Rhodella violacea from the genus Porphyridium recently proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allophycocyanin ; Biliproteins ; Phycocyanin ; Protein aggregates ; Rhodella violacea ; Rhodophyceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin from the red alga Rhodella violacea were investigated by electron microscopy and biochemical methods using samples taken from the same fractions. The molecular weights of the native biliprotein aggregates C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin are about 139,000 (140,000) and 130,000 (145,000) as revealed by calibrated gel chromatography, gradient gel electrophoresis and morphological measurements on the basis of an average protein packing density. These molecular weights are direct evidence for a trimeric aggregation form (αβ)3 of these biliproteins. Independently, their monomers were determined to be about 34,400 (C-phycocyanin) and 33,900 (allophycocyanin). C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin are ringshaped, six-membered, biliprotein aggregates with dimensions of about 10.2×3.0 nm and 10.0×3.0 nm, respectively. The aggregates are made up of six subunits, 3α and 3β, which are assumed to be associated in alternating positions. They are arranged in regular hexagons in C6 symmetry. Hexameric aggregates (αβ)6, so far only isolated for C-phycocyanin, originate by face to face association of two trimeric aggregates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 534-540 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allophycocyanin complexes ; Cyanobacteria ; Microheterogeneity ; Phycobilisome core ; Mastigocladus laminosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three allophycocyanin complexes were separated by gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and ion exchange chromatography from a low molecular fraction (Mr 100–150000) of partially dissociated phycobilisomes of Mastigocladus laminosus: A. (αAPβAP); B. (α*APα2 APβ2 APβ*AP) · L C 10 ; and C. (α*APαAPBαAPβ2 APβ*AP) · L C 10 . According to their fluorescence emission maximum at room temperature the complexes A., B. and C. are designated AP 660, AP 664 and AP 680. The different subunits of the AP complexes have apparent molecular weights of Mr 18500 α*AP, 18200 βAPB, 18000 αAP, 17000 βAP and 16500 β*AP. This hitherto unrecognized microheterogeneity within the AP subunits of complexes B. and C. of Mastigocladus laminosus phycobilisomes could also be demonstrated and confirmed with the two phycocyanin complexes PC 642 and PC 646. PC 642 is characterized by a L R 11 linker polypeptide.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chroomonas ; Cryptomonad biliprotein ; Crystallization ; Phycocyanin-645 ; Protein crystallography ; X-ray diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The water-soluble antenna chromoprotein phycocyanin-645 from a Chroomonas species (Cryptophyceae) has been crystallized. X-ray precession photographs prove space groups P3121 (or the enantiomorphic P3221) for the trigonal and P212121 for the orthorhombic crystals. Density measurements indicate that the asymmetric units of these crystals contain three or two heterotetrameric units (αάβ 2), respectively. The packing of both crystal forms is quite different to that of any other crystals reported so far for phycobiliproteins of blue-green and red algae. The cationic detergent benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is strongly bound in the crystals. Both observations indicate a considerable membrane affinity and a unique association behaviour of the phycobiliproteins from cryptomonads.
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