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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Periapical status, quality of root canal fillings and estimated endodontic treatment needs in an urban German population (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Dental traumatology 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0595
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the periapical status and the quality of root canal fillings and to estimate the endodontic treatment needs in a German population. Clinical and radiographic data and the operative procedures performed were evaluated on 323 patients coming to a dental surgery in Stuttgart, Germany, in 1993. In 182 individuals at least one tooth exhibited a root canal filling, a necrotic pulp or an irreversible pulpitis. Out of the 7897 teeth examined, 215 (2.7%) had a root canal treatment (category A), 122 being nonendodontically treated (1.5%) did not respond to the sensitivity test (category B) and 53 (0.7%) were diagnosed as having irreversible inflamed pulp tissue (category C). The prevalence of teeth associated with radiographic signs of periapical pathosis was 61 % in the group of root canal filled teeth and 88% in the group of pulpless and non-endodontically treated teeth. Using the level and the density of the root canal filling as criteria for evaluating the technical standard, only 14% of the endodontic treatments of non-apicectomized teeth were qualified as adequate. The minimal endodontic treatment need is 2.3% related to all examined teeth when the root canal filled teeth with clinical symptoms of periapical periodontitis (category A) and those of categories B and C are included. The real endodontic treatment need is suggested to be larger when considering that the technical quality of the obturation is poor in most symptomless endodontically treated teeth associated with a periapical lesion. In the case of retreatment of these teeth, the endodontic treatment need would then be calculated at 3.7%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1997.tb00013.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prognosis of conventional root canal treatment reconsidered (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Dental traumatology 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0595
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— In endodontic literature, the so-called success rate of conventional root canal treatment is reported to range between 70% and 95%. This has been calculated as the percentage of successfully treated teeth of all teeth followed up or included in the clinical trial. This approach, however, does not allow for valid assertions on the prognosis of root canal treatment as the individual observation times are not considered. This article discusses some methodological and statistical aspects of how to design a prognostic study which focuses on the outcome of endodontic therapy and of how to analyse the data appropriately. Methodologically, the response variable should preferably be the individual time required for the occurrence of an event, e.g., success or failure of endodontic therapy, which should clearly be defined on the basis of widely accepted criteria in endodontology. Event times can appropriately be analysed by the Kaplan-Meier method, which estimates the probability that the event will not occur within a fixed time. This probability, together with the approximate 95% confidence interval (CI), permits an evaluation of the prognosis of a particular treatment. Two data sets were re-analysed to clarifj, the rationale behind the analysis of event times. Accordingly, the probability that an endodontically induced lesion will completely heal, e.g., within the first 3 years after root canal therapy ranges between 0,87 (CI: 0.74–1.00) and 0.89 (CI: 0.80–0.98). In this situation, the simple calculation of success rates would overestimate the chance of complete periapical healing within the first years after therapy but underestimate it over longer observation periods. Another example was used to analyse the time to occurrence of periapical pathosis associated with root canal treated teeth not diseased periapically. In this case the chance of recording a successful endodontic treatment is initially underestimated by the percentage of successful cases of all teeth integrated in the study but is markedly overestimated for longer observation periods. Potential risk factors affecting the outcome of the endodontic therapy and thereby the event times can adequately be determined by applying the Cox's or Aalen's regression model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1998.tb00801.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adhesion of a glass ionomer cement to human radicular dentine (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Dental traumatology 11 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0595
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The adhesion of cements to root canal surfaces is a crucial factor for strengthening non-vital teeth - weakened due to extensive loss of tooth structure - by cemented posts. The aim of this study was to determine the tensile strength of a glass ionomer cement (Ketac-Cem) on root canal walls following pretreatment with conditioners. Upon cleaning and shaping, 56 straight root canals - divided into seven groups - were conditioned with one of the following solutions: NaOCl (1%) + EDTA (20%), H3PO4 (37%), HNO3 (2.5%), citric acid (6%), polyacrylic acid (10% and 20%) and NaCl (0.9%) as control. Standardized dentine cylinders were prepared out of the coronal half of each root perpendicular to the root axis and subsequently split. The exposed root canal areas were coated with Ketac-Cem. Using an universal testing machine a tensile force was applied to Ketac-Cem up to fracture. Pretreatment with EDTA-NaOCl provided the strongest bond strength (2.2 MPa). The median values for the other conditioning solutions ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 MPa. The significantly weakest bond (0.5 MPa) was recorded for NaCl. The elimination of the smear layer appeared to be an essential factor in order to improve the adhesion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1995.tb00491.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial flora of sinus tracts and root canals of non-vital teeth (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Dental traumatology 11 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0595
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of bacteria in 12 endodontically induced periodontal lesions associated with sinus tracts was examined. The microbial flora encountered in the sinus tract was compared with that of the root canal of the involved teeth which had not experienced any prior endodontic therapy. All microbiological samples taken from the sinus tract and from the root canal system contained bacteria. Seventy-one strains were detected in the extraradicular lesions. Of the anaerobic species, Fusobacterium nucleatum (7 strains), Prevotella intermedia (4 strains) and P. oralis (4 strains) were most frequently found. In the group of the facultative anaerobes Streptococcus spp. were predominant. Ninety-four strains were isolated from the root canal system of the 12 teeth. P. intermedia (6 strains), P. buccae (5 strains), F. nucleatum (5 strains) and Lactobacillus plantarum (5 strains) were most common. In 9 cases, species present in the root canal could be revealed in the extraradicular lesions. It was concluded that a variety of microorganisms were capable of colonizing endodontically induced, extraradicular lesions clinically characterized by sinus tracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1995.tb00673.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Management of an avulsed primary incisor (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Dental traumatology 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0595
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— The case describes the management of an avulsed maxillary central primary incisor of a 3 1/2-year-old girl. The tooth was retained in the oral cavity for 30 min. After replantation it was splinted for 17 days. At day 11 the root canal was completely instrumented and obturated with a calcium hydroxide paste. The l-year follow-up documented no pathologic clinical or radiographic findings. One and a half years after the trauma the tooth was extracted since a fistula and extensive external inflammatory resorption had developed. The permanent successor erupted along with its neighboring central incisor without any complications 6 months later. Conventional approaches for treating avulsed permanent teeth could also be applied to avulsed primary incisors to preserve them for a certain period without the additional risk of damaging their developing permanent successors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1999.tb00772.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A synergistic chlorhexidine/chitosan combination for improved antiplaque strategies (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Journal of periodontal research 40 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0765
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  The minor efficacy of chlorhexidine (CHX) on other cariogenic bacteria than mutans streptococci such as Streptococcus sanguinis may contribute to uneffective antiplaque strategies.Methods and Results:  In addition to CHX (0.1%) as positive control and saline as negative control, two chitosan derivatives (0.2%) and their CHX combinations were applied to planktonic and attached sanguinis streptococci for 2 min. In a preclinical biofilm model, the bacteria suspended in human sterile saliva were allowed to attach to human enamel slides for 60 min under flow conditions mimicking human salivation. The efficacy of the test agents on streptococci was screened by the following parameters: vitality status, colony-forming units (CFU)/ml and cell density on enamel. The first combination reduced the bacterial vitality to ∼0% and yielded a strong CFU reduction of 2–3 log10 units, much stronger than CHX alone. Furthermore, the first chitosan derivative showed a significant decrease of the surface coverage with these treated streptococci after attachment to enamel.Conclusions:  Based on these results, a new CHX formulation would be beneficial unifying the bioadhesive properties of chitosan with the antibacterial activity of CHX synergistically resulting in a superior antiplaque effect than CHX alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00817.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial vitality of supragingival dental plaque during initial stages of experimental gingivitis in humans (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of periodontal research 30 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0765
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although vital plaque micro-organisms are part of the natural ecosystem in the oral cavity they are also the key factor in the development of diseases induced by the human dental plaque. In a previous study (9) the portion of vital bacteria related to the total number of plaque micro-organisms (i.e. the microbial vitality) appeared low in small plaque samples. The objective of this investigation was to determine the exact relationship of microbial vitality and age of supragingival plaque during the early phases of human dental plaque formation. Between intervals of optimal oral hygiene, thirteen participants refrained from all oral hygiene measures for periods of 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 and 72 h. Plaque was completely sampled from a defined area situated on the vestibular surface of the teeth 13, 14, 15, 23, 24 and 25. The pooled plaque from these areas was immediately processed. Total bacterial counts (BC) as enumerated by darkfield microscopy, and colony-forming units (CFU) were recorded. The microbial vitality was calculated indirectly as plating efficiency (PE=CFU per BC) and directly assessed using a vital fluorescence (VF) technique. In the 1 h old plaque samples the median values of PE and VF were 29% and 18%, respectively. Thereafter, the microbial vitality increased significantly with plaque age. The 24 h old plaque samples yielded values of 77% (PE) and 62% (VF). It was concluded that the microbial vitality of the early dental plaque investigated was considerably lower compared to that of a more mature plaque.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1995.tb01275.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between bacterial counts, microbial vitality and the accumulation of supragingival dental plaque in humans (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of periodontal research 27 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0765
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Comparisons between plaque index (PII) and bacterial counts have been made already; however, these did not take into account the area used for plaque sampling. The objective of the present study was to determine the correlation between the PII score, the number of bacteria and the bacterial plaque vitality when dental plaque was repeatedly sampled from the same area in each subject during early plaque accumulation. Between intervals of optimal oral hygiene, 10 participants refrained from all oral hygiene measures for periods of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days. The PII was recorded on the vestibular surface of all first premolars as local PII:LS. For statistical reasons, the scores of the independent variable LS were added for each subject giving LS* values ranging from 0 to 8. The plaque sampled from this specific surface was circumscribed by the marginal gingiva and an acrylic splint, giving reproducible areas for plaque collection. Total microscopic bacterial counts (BC), colony forming units of anaerobes (CFUan) and aerobes (CFUae), and proportions of vital bacteria (VF) were compared with LS* values. BC and LS* values were strongly correlated. CFUan and CFUae increased significantly with LS*, but this increase was higher for LS* 0 to 4 than for LS* 4 to 8. The ratio between vital and dead microorganisms, assessed by two different methods, was low when an LS* of 0 was recorded, with higher ratios registered for LS* values 4 and 8.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1992.tb01739.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vital microorganisms in early supragingival dental plaque and in stimulated human saliva (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of periodontal research 32 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0765
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of vital microorganisms (= microbial vitality) of saliva with that of supragingival plaque both collected at various times during the early phases of de novo plaque formation. Between intervals of optimal oral hygiene, 14 healthy participants refrained from all oral hygiene measures for periods of 1, 4, 8 and 72 h. Stimulated whole saliva was collected at the beginning (= baseline) and the end of each period. Vestibular plaque was removed from teeth 13–16, and 23–26. Analysis of the pooled plaque (p) and saliva (s) samples comprised the total number of bacterial counts and colony-forming units to estimate the percentage of viable microorganisms (PEp; PES). The microbial vitality (VFp; VFS) was determined by using a fluorescence staining to differentiate vital from dead bacterial cells. The bulk of the PES values reached 5–30%. At baseline VFS ranged between 70% and 90%. The VFS values recorded at baseline or in the presence of 1 h and 4 h-old plaque, were significantly (α= 0.05) higher than the corresponding VFp values ranging from 5% to 30%. It was concluded that there is a considerable discrepancy between the microbial vitality of a very early dental plaque and that of whole surrounding saliva sampled at the same time. Unfavourable local environmental conditions prevailing at cervical tooth surfaces are suggested to restrain the survival of the majority of the first bacteria adhering to a particular tooth area during the early phases of supragingival plaque formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1997.tb00529.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The efficacy of a single pocket irrigation on subgingival microbial vitality (1998)
    Springer
    Clinical oral investigations 2 (1998), S. 84-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3771
    Keywords: Key words Pocket irrigation ; Microbial vitality ; Chlorhexidine ; Povidone iodine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The object of this study was to monitor the proportion of vital bacteria (microbial vitality: VF in %) present in subgingival dental plaque following one single subgingival irrigation with saline (S), chlorhexidine (CHX) or povidone iodine (I2), but without any subgingival instrumentation. Its effect on the main composition of the microflora was also assessed. Seventeen patients with adult periodontitis took part in this investigation. In each patient four initially untreated pockets (pocket depth 5–11 mm) associated with bleeding were selected for the standardised pocket irrigation and plaque sampling at baseline (0 h) and after the following 1 h, 24 h, 7 days and 31 days. The subgingival irrigation was only performed once (0 h). One pocket per quadrant was irrigated using 0.9% prereduced S, 0.2% CHX or 0.05% I2 (Iso-Betadine Buccale). The remaining untreated pocket without any irrigation served as an additional control (C). Using an acrylic splint as a guide, paperpoints were inserted into the pocket precisely at the same site to collect subgingival plaque. The bleeding on sampling (BOS) was thereafter noted. The proportions of bacterial morphotypes were examined by darkfield microscopy. VF was evaluated using a vital fluorescence staining. The undisturbed subgingival dental plaque was composed of 86% (median value) vital bacteria. The sampling procedure alone and the saline irrigation led to a decrease in the number of spirochetes but had no influence on the vitality of the flora. Large variations in VF could be observed in the short-term (1 h, 24 h) irrigation effect of CHX and I2. The reduction of VF was still significant after 7 days (VFCHX 30–80%, VFI2 35–80%) but persisted up to 31 days only after I2 irrigation (VFI2 12–90%). The findings indicated that all single subgingival irrigations resulted in a temporary change of the subgingival microflora while povidone iodine produced the longest lasting antimicrobial effect. Any clinical advantage of this situation should be further investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007840050050
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