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  • 1
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Deep-sea sediments become apparently more hostile to life with increasing depth as temperature and pressure rise, and organic matter becomes increasingly recalcitrant. Demonstrations of high bacterial populations in deep sediments, may thus appear enigmatic. How, then, can the continued ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 19 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract: Two indices of bacterial production, thymidine incorporation and the frequency of divided and dividing cells were measured, along with a suite of measurements of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial activity, to investigate the relationship between bacterial cell production and organic carbon mineralisation at three different sediment sites: a sheltered intertidal estuarine mudflat (Kingoodie Bay), a riverside mudbank (Ashleworth Quay) and an intertidal mudflat in a hydraulically dynamic estuary (Aust Warth). Organic carbon mineralisation was dominated by anaerobic processes at all three sites: sulfate reduction at the two estuarine sites (equivalent to 76% and 61% of oxygen uptake) and methanogenesis at the freshwater site (56%). Although all three sites had similar bacterial population sizes, activities in Kingoodie Bay were 2–3 times higher than at Aust Warth or Ashleworth Quay. Thymidine incorporation rates and Numbers of Dividing and Divided Cells correlated strongly at all three sites. Thymidine incorporation rates were spatially uncoupled from zones of principal anaerobic activity, providing in situ evidence that sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogens do not incorporate radiolabelled thymidine into DNA during growth. Cell yield was lower in the anaerobic zone, as subsurface peaks in anaerobic mineralisation were not matched by increases in bacterial productivity. However, as anaerobic degradation processes were so dominant, anaerobic productivity still accounted for the majority of cell production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 42 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The distribution of bacterial populations and activity were determined at two Ocean Drilling Program sites (1109 and 1115) in the Woodlark extensional Basin, near Papua New Guinea, Pacific Ocean. These relatively deep water (1 150–2 211 m), low organic carbon (∼0.4%), low organic matter sedimentation sites, with average thermal gradients (∼30°C/km) are representative of large areas of ocean sediments. At a third site, 1118, with a higher thermal gradient (63°C/km), only bacterial distributions and pore water acetate (bioavailable) concentrations were determined. Active bacterial populations were present to all depths at Sites 1109 and 1115, maximum depth 801 mbsf (metres below seafloor), and this represents the deepest and oldest marine sediments (∼15 Ma) in which the presence of bacteria has been demonstrated using a combination of different approaches (direct microscopic and viable counts, radiotracer turnover and geochemical analysis). In addition, direct counts and geochemical data at Site 1118 provide strong evidence for significant bacterial populations to at least 842 mbsf (3.2×105/cm3). Similar to previously studied subseafloor sediments, maximum bacterial populations and activity occurred in the upper ∼20 m, with much lower rates (up to 10 000 times) in deeper layers. However, a depth integration of data demonstrated that the majority of bacterial cells and activity (sulfate reduction, methanogenesis, thymidine incorporation into DNA and acetate oxidation) occurred in the subsurface, below 20 m. For sulfate reduction this was dependent on the depth of sulfate penetration. Acetate was an important substrate for methanogenesis. Despite being degraded, acetate concentrations in subsurface layers remained relatively constant (〈10 μM) and therefore, there must also have been deep acetate formation, which is consistent with the presence of acetogenic bacteria. These results extend the significance of deep acetate formation for the maintenance of subsurface bacterial populations to sediments representative of large areas of the ocean.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 15 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five different bacterial communities were enriched in substrate-amended slurries of sediment from the Tay Estuary, Scotland. During incubation of the slurries, concentrations of volatile fatty acids, sulphate, sulphide and methane were monitored to clearly define the activity of the stimulated populations. An aerobic population, a ‘microaerophilic’ population and three anaerobic populations (fermentative heterotrophs, sulphate-reducing bacteria and methanogens plus acetogens) were established to reflect community growth and metabolism both in surface oxic and deeper anoxic layers. Similar numbers of cells involved in division were observed in all five slurries, demonstrating the potential for bacterial production. Thymidine incorporation rates in glucose-stimulated slurries under both aerobic and fully anaerobic conditions were similar, confirming the ability of fermentative anaerobic heterotrophs to incorporate [methyl-3H]thymidine into DNA during growth. Although anaerobic communities of sulphate-reducing, acetogenic plus methanogenic bacteria were stimulated and actively growing, they did not incorporate [methyl-3H]thymidine into DNA. Since the thymidine technique does not measure the growth of these important groups, calculated productivity values based upon thymidine incorporation within anoxic sediment systems will be substantially underestimated, even if growth substrates are not limiting.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 17 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract: An enzymatic method for the determination of acetate in marine porewaters was cross-calibrated against a bioassay technique to investigate whether the enzymatic method directly measured the bioavailable acetate pool. Cells of the acetate-oxidising sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfobacter sp. (DSM 2035) were added to sterile porewater from an intertidal estuarine sediment (Southdown, Tamar Estuary, UK), at three different depths. The porewater was inoculated with [1(2)-14C]acetate and incubated. Removal of [14C]acetate, production of 14CO2 and changes in acetate pool concentrations, measured by both chemical derivatisation and the enzyme method, were determined. [14C]acetate, total and bioavailable acetate were initially rapidly removed, but after depletion of bioavailable acetate a significant amount (20–50%) of the original acetate pool remained unmetabolised. After 18 h the samples were respiked with [14C]acetate, which was mineralised rapidly (at the same rate as initial depletion) although the total recalcitrant acetate pool remained constant. Decay rates at each depth for the initial removal of [14C]acetate and after respiking were the same. Degradation rates of acetate in sediments decreased with depth, corresponding with lower biologically available acetate concentrations deeper in the sediment. Although both bioavailable and total acetate methods result in an overestimate when compared to an independent measure of carbon flow within sediments (sulfate reduction), the overestimate is significantly smaller when data from the enzyme method are used, although still not wholly satisfactory (208%). The enzymatic assay offers advantages over chemical determinations of acetate in marine porewaters, although when used to directly predict the proportion of bioavailable acetate, results do not concur with those provided by the bioassay technique, and below 9 cm in the sediment a substantial sulfate reduction rate was measured but no bioavailable acetate was present. The bioassay technique indicates that bioavailable acetate decreases with increasing sediment depth, and that the pools are turned over at different rates: whether this has an effect on carbon flow within sediments requires further investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 12 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Incorporation of [methyl-3H]thymidine into bacterial DNA was determined for a range of axenic anaerobic bacterial cultures: fermentative heterotrophs, sulphate-reducing bacteria, purple sulphur bacteria, acetogens and methanogens. Anaerobically growing Bacillus sp. and the obligate aerobe Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were also investigated. Actively growing cultures of sulphate-reducing bacteria belonging to the genera Desulfovibrio, Desulfotomaculum, Desulfobacter, Desulfobotulus and Desulfobulbus, purple sulphur bacteria (Chromatium vinosum OP2 and Thiocapsa roseopersicina OP1), methanogens (Methanococcus GS16 and Methanosarcina barkeri) and an acetogen (Acetobacterium woodii) did not incorporate [methyl-3H]thymidine into DNA. The only obligate anaerobes in which thymidine incorporation into DNA could be unequivocally demonstrated were members of the genus Clostridium. Anaerobically growing Bacillus sp. also incorporated thymidine. These data demonstrate that pure culture representatives of major groups of anaerobic bacteria involved in the terminal oxidation of organic carbon and anoxygenic phototrophs within sediments are unable to incorporate [methyl-3H]thymidine into DNA, although some obligate and facultative anaerobes can. Variability in thymidine incorporation amongst pure culture isolates indicates that unless existing techniques can be calibrated to take this into consideration then productivity estimates in both aerobic and anaerobic environments may be greatly underestimated using the [methyl-3H]thymidine technique.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; nitrogen fixation ; sulphate reduction ; acetate ; seagrasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Depth profiles of nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction), sulphate reduction, NH 4 + concentration and porewater volatile fatty acids concentrations were measured in Zostera noltii colonised sediments in the Bassin d'Arcachon, France in March 1994. Acetylene reduction activity (ARA) was detectable throughout sediment profiles. Addition of sodium molybdate (20 mmol l−1) a specific inhibitor of sulphate reduction to slurries inhibited ARA by 〉75% inferring that sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were the dominant component of the nitrogen fixing microflora. The peak of ARA was coincident with that of sulphate reduction and a relatively constant relationship of 40 mole sulphate reduced per mole acetylene reduced was recorded throughout the profiles. From this ratio it was calculated that at least 17% of the ATP yield from sulphate reduction would be required to support the measured rates of nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction). Acetate was the dominant constituent of the porewater volatile fatty acids pool, accounting for 〉90% of the total pool as measured by HPLC. Concentrations of porewater acetate recorded by HPLC were compared with those measured using an enzymatic technique and these data indicate that approximately 10% of the total porewater acetate pool was not available to microbial metabolism. Profiles of porewater acetate concentrations measured by both techniques were similar to those recorded for both ARA and sulphate reduction and thus acetate oxidation may fuel these activities.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 11-28 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: microbial processes ; subseafloor sediments ; bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Les bactéries souterraines existent aussi dans les sédiments d'origine hydrothermale où régnent des gradients de température élevés (jusqu'à 12°C/m) et où sont présentes des populations semblables en nombre à celles des sites non hydrothermaux, à températures psychrophiles à mésophiles. A de plus grandes profondeurs et à des températures plus élevées, les populations diminuent trés rapidement, mais elles sont encore significativement présentes jusqu'aux températures hyperthermophiles et sont même stimulées par l'écoulement d'eau marine souterraine. Ces résultats laissent penser que la température seule ne limite pas les bactéries dans les sédiments non hydrothermaux jusqu'à environ 4 km; selon certains indices, les processus bactériens peuvent même être entretenus par des interactions avec les processus liés à la température lorsque les températures augmentent au cours de l'enfouissement profond du sédiment. Ces expériences démontrent qu'en présence de substrats organiques dégradables les bactéries à croissance active peuvent se déplacer plus rapidement que le sédiment se dépose; ainsi ces bactéries ne sont pas nécessairement piégées et enfouies. Cependant, la croissance bactérienne décroît jusqu'à une profondeur à laquelle les bactéries souterraines ne seraient plus capables de garder le dessus sur le taux de sédimentation et finiraient donc par être enfouies. Dans certaines circonstances, comme dans les couches à sapropel à forte teneur en matiére organique de la Méditerranée, les bactéries peuvent être enfouies dans une couche particuliére. Certaines bactéries souterraines peuvent utiliser une matiére organique ancienne et résistante, mais seulement trés lentement; elles semblent posséder une stratégie de biomasse élevée et de faible taux de croissance, adaptée à leur habitat géologique à flux d'énergie généralement faible.
    Abstract: Las bacterias también pueden aparecer en los sedimentos hidrotermales con grandes gradientes térmicos (hasta 12°C/m), en cantidades similares a los no-hidrotermales, y a temperaturas entre psicrofílicas y mesofílicas. A profundidades y temperaturas mayores las poblaciones se reducen rápidamente, pero siguen manifestándose hasta temperaturas hipertermofílicas, e incluso son estimuladas por el flujo de agua marina. Según esto, la temperatura por sí sola no limita la presencia de bacterias en sedimentos hidrotermales hasta profundidades de 4 km. Los experimentos muestran que en presencia de los substratos orgánicos degradables las bacterias con alta actividad de crecimiento pueden moverse a una velocidad mayor que el ritmo de deposición, por lo que no quedan necesariamente atrapadas. Sin embargo, el crecimiento se reduce con la profundidad, de modo que las bacterias ceden ante la velocidad de sedimentación y son enterradas. Las bacterias subsuperficiales pueden utilizar materia orgánica recalcitrante pero de modo muy lento, y parece que han desarrollado una estrategia que engloba alta biomasa con bajo ritmo de crecimiento.
    Notes: Subsurface bacteria also occur in hydrothermal sediments with large temperature gradients (up to 12 °C/m) and with population numbers similar to non-hydrothermal sites at temperatures from psychrophilic to mesophilic. At greater depths and temperatures, populations decline rapidly, but they are still significant up to hyperthermophilic temperatures and are even stimulated by subsurface seawater flow. These results suggest that temperature alone does not limit bacteria in non-hydrothermal sediments until about 4 km, and evidence exists that bacterial processes may even be sustained by interaction with thermogenic processes as temperatures increase during deep burial. Experiments demonstrate that in the presence of readily degradable organic substrates, actively growing bacteria can move faster than sediment deposition; hence, these bacteria are not necessarily trapped and buried. However, bacterial growth decreases with depth to such an extent that subsurface bacteria would not be able to keep up with sedimentation rate and hence would be buried. In some circumstances, such as in sapropel layers with high organic matter in the Mediterranean, bacteria may be buried within a specific deposition horizon. Subsurface bacteria can utilize old and recalcitrant organic matter, but only very slowly, and they seem to have a strategy of high biomass and low growth rate, commensurate with their geological habitat of generally low energy flux.
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